《学科英语》课程教学资源（文献资料）预习阅读材料11

Effective Presentation A presentation is a specialized form of academic communication. Presentations are the backbone of interdisciplinary communications among professionals in all areas of study.Good presentations are the mark of a true professional,and successful presentations are an avenue of advancement and reputation.Your successful presentation and your paper in the proceedings will improve your standing within your professional community and bring credit to your institution.To take full advantage of this tool,however,you must have an understanding of academic presentation requirements and learn some helpful techniques for successfully delivering an effective presentation. A professional presentation consists of two parts:The things you tell your audience and the things you show them. Generally,you will tell your audience your findings and why they are important,and show them photographs,charts,and diagrams to reinforce what you are telling them.Keep it in your mind that though everyone is trying to make visual aids presentations,you should not feel compelled to present visual materials unless they add significantly to the spoken words. Poorly designed,haphazardly rendered and badly edited visual 1

1 Effective Presentation A presentation is a specialized form of academic communication. Presentations are the backbone of interdisciplinary communications among professionals in all areas of study. Good presentations are the mark of a true professional, and successful presentations are an avenue of advancement and reputation. Your successful presentation and your paper in the proceedings will improve your standing within your professional community and bring credit to your institution. To take full advantage of this tool, however, you must have an understanding of academic presentation requirements and learn some helpful techniques for successfully delivering an effective presentation. A professional presentation consists of two parts: The things you tell your audience and the things you show them. Generally, you will tell your audience your findings and why they are important, and show them photographs, charts, and diagrams to reinforce what you are telling them. Keep it in your mind that though everyone is trying to make visual aids presentations, you should not feel compelled to present visual materials unless they add significantly to the spoken words. Poorly designed, haphazardly rendered and badly edited visual

aids suggest a lack of professionalism,preparation,and commitment to the audience, Writing Script for Oral Presentation Since your formal written paper may be read by renders of the proceedings,you should use your oral presentation as a discussion rather than a reading.Verbal presentations read from written papers sounds dull and monotonous. Consequently,you need to prepare a separate script for your talk.The hallmark of any successful scientific talk is clarity.To achieve clarity,the talk must be well organized and logically structured with.An organization that listeners can easily follow. The overall outline of your script should be an introduction,a body,and a conclusion,and you may use the following principle; first,tell the audience what you're going to tell them;second, tell them;then tell them what you've told them.If you follow this old golden rule,your audience is much more likely to remember your main points. A basic principle in writing an oral presentation script is to limit the amount of materials covered to that which you can clearly present in a limited time slot.Therefore,you should 2

2 aids suggest a lack of professionalism, preparation, and commitment to the audience, Writing Script for Oral Presentation Since your formal written paper may be read by renders of the proceedings, you should use your oral presentation as a discussion rather than a reading. Verbal presentations read from written papers sounds dull and monotonous. Consequently, you need to prepare a separate script for your talk. The hallmark of any successful scientific talk is clarity. To achieve clarity, the talk must be well organized and logically structured with.An organization that listeners can easily follow. The overall outline of your script should be an introduction, a body, and a conclusion, and you may use the following principle; first, tell the audience what you're going to tell them; second, tell them; then tell them what you've told them. If you follow this old golden rule，your audience is much more likely to remember your main points. A basic principle in writing an oral presentation script is to limit the amount of materials covered to that which you can clearly present in a limited time slot. Therefore, you should

define for yourself a few critical messages that you wish your audience to take from your talk.Introduce and reinforce these central messages,where appropriate in your talk. Before you start to prepare your manuscript,you must have a clear idea about your audience.Will you be speaking to experts on the subject you are presenting?Will the audience be novices,with little or no knowledge of the topic,or will you be addressing your peers?How can you generate interest for your subject in someone without knowledge and involvement?How might other disciplines or other research areas within your own discipline use this information?Why would other scientists be interested?Think of these questions before you get down to preparing how to present your information in such a way that you neither talk down to,nor over the heads of,your audience. Sometimes you have no idea before attending the meeting how much time you will have to speak.If you write the manuscript of your oral presentation into clearly recognized units,you can successfully omit some parts according to the degree of importance when you are allocated a limited time for presentation the units of introductory summary and final summary must be included in the written manuscript,and between these two units are the major units that convey the 3

3 define for yourself a few critical messages that you wish your audience to take from your talk. Introduce and reinforce these central messages, where appropriate in your talk. Before you start to prepare your manuscript, you must have a clear idea about your audience. Will you be speaking to experts on the subject you are presenting? Will the audience be novices, with little or no knowledge of the topic, or will you be addressing your peers? How can you generate interest for your subject in someone without knowledge and involvement? How might other disciplines or other research areas within your own discipline use this information? Why would other scientists be interested? Think of these questions before you get down to preparing how to present your information in such a way that you neither talk down to, nor over the heads of, your audience. Sometimes you have no idea before attending the meeting how much time you will have to speak. If you write the manuscript of your oral presentation into clearly recognized units, you can successfully omit some parts according to the degree of importance when you are allocated a limited time for presentation the units of introductory summary and final summary must be included in the written manuscript, and between these two units are the major units that convey the

main messages of your talk. Transitional phrases or words are helpful for starting any of the paragraphs,such as,"Furthermore,""Moreover," "Additionally,""One further remark,"or "A factor that has been important in the design of this system is.,"etc.In addition,the first sentence or two of the final summary unit should be a transitional sentence that can lead from any earlier part of the presentation directly into this summary,in case you have to cut the presentation short in midstream Sentences and Transitional Words for Oral Presentation For oral presentation each sentence should be self-explanatory as it progresses.The meaning unfolding as you say it.Do NOT make your listeners wait until the end of a lone sentence to find out what you are talking about.There should be only one basic idea in a sentence.Avoid sentences which are long,complex,and filled with jargon,complicated sentences and sophisticated vocabulary if your audience can not follow you.Simplify your phrases.Never use a long word when a short one will do.If it is possible to delete a word without losing meaning,delete it. The active voice is usually preferred to the passive when

4 main messages of your talk. Transitional phrases or words are helpful for starting any of the paragraphs, such as, “Furthermore,”“Moreover," “Additionally,” “One further remark,” or "A factor that has been important in the design of this system is.," etc. In addition, the first sentence or two of the final summary unit should be a transitional sentence that can lead from any earlier part of the presentation directly into this summary, in case you have to cut the presentation short in midstream. Sentences and Transitional Words for Oral Presentation For oral presentation each sentence should be self-explanatory as it progresses. The meaning unfolding as you say it. Do NOT make your listeners wait until the end of a lone sentence to find out what you are talking about. There should be only one basic idea in a sentence. Avoid sentences which are long, complex, and filled with jargon, complicated sentences and sophisticated vocabulary if your audience can not follow you. Simplify your phrases. Never use a long word when a short one will do. If it is possible to delete a word without losing meaning, delete it. The active voice is usually preferred to the passive when

making a definite statement.Oral talks are less formal than written papers and can be objective without being coldly impersonal.First-person pronouns are proper when you are relating your own opinions and experiences or those of your team.Oral style permits the use of more colloquial expressions. Proper use of transitional devices is necessary for smooth continuity and to indicate the relationship between what has been said,what is being said and what will be said.They connect apparently unrelated elements giving order and motion,thereby alerting your audience to the progress of your presentation when looking for proper transitional words to be used;you may choose one according to the purpose of the sentence and the context. The following are some useful transitional words and phrases: To start,add,continue,or introduce ideas To begin with1 Let me start by mentioning;First;Second;Third; Finally;Last;Last but not least;Then;Next;With the above; And;Also;Another way;A second method;As well as:Besides; Equally important;Further;Furthermore Additionally;in addition;Moreover;One further remark;Remember; 5

5 making a definite statement. Oral talks are less formal than written papers and can be objective without being coldly impersonal. First-person pronouns are proper when you are relating your own opinions and experiences or those of your team. Oral style permits the use of more colloquial expressions. Proper use of transitional devices is necessary for smooth continuity and to indicate the relationship between what has been said, what is being said and what will be said. They connect apparently unrelated elements giving order and motion, thereby alerting your audience to the progress of your presentation when looking for proper transitional words to be used; you may choose one according to the purpose of the sentence and the context. The following are some useful transitional words and phrases: To start, add, continue, or introduce ideas To begin with1 Let me start by mentioning; First; Second; Third; Finally; Last; Last but not least; Then; Next; With the above; And; Also; Another way; A second method; As well as: Besides; Equally important; Further; Furthermore Additionally; in addition; Moreover; One further remark; Remember;

Subsequently. To detail ideas(intensification,exemplification,specification) As an application;As an example;Basically;For example;For instance;Generally;In general;In particular;Namely;Often; Specifically;That is to say. To compare ideas A similar analysis shows;In like manner;In a similar manner;In this connection;Similarly;Likewise;In particular;But,However; In comparison;In contrast;After all;Alternately;Instead;In the later case;Nevertheless;Nonetheless;Notwithstanding;On the contrary;On the other hand;Otherwise;Still;Whereas;While this may be true,but;Yet. To repeal ideas Again;as before;A second time;As has been stated;As I have said;In other words,In review;Once more;To reiterate. To show position Adjacent to;beyond;Here;Near;On the other side;Opposite to;The former;Next to;In front of,In the distance;At the top

6 Subsequently. To detail ideas (intensification, exemplification, specification) As an application; As an example; Basically; For example; For instance; Generally; In general; In particular; Namely; Often; Specifically; That is to say . To compare ideas A similar analysis shows; In like manner; In a similar manner; In this connection; Similarly; Likewise; In particular; But, However; In comparison; In contrast; After all; Alternately; Instead; In the later case; Nevertheless; Nonetheless; Notwithstanding; On the contrary; On the other hand; Otherwise; Still; Whereas; While this may be true, but; Yet. To repeal ideas Again; as before; A second time; As has been stated; As I have said; In other words, In review; Once more; To reiterate. To show position Adjacent to; beyond; Here; Near; On the other side; Opposite to; The former; Next to; In front of, In the distance; At the top

To show purpose For this purpose;For this reason;In order to;To this end; Toward this objective;With this goal. To show solidity or doubt Admittedly;Certainly;Conclusively;Fortunately;Hopefully; Indeed;In any event;In fact;In reality;Obviously;Of course; Ordinarily;Perhaps;To be sure;Truly;Undeniably;Without any question. To show time After an hour/a day/a week;Afterward;A little later;As will be seen;At length;At present;At this point;Earlier;Finally;Here; Immediately;In the meantime;In those days;In what follows; Meantime;meanwhile;Presently;Recently;So far;Then;Today; Ultimately;.will now be developed;.will now be illustrated. To show result Accordingly;A review of the literature reveals that;As a result; Consequently;Hence;In consequence;In spite of;In view of these considerations;So far;The foregoing discussion illustrates; Therefore;thus;To meet this additional difficulty

7 To show purpose For this purpose; For this reason; In order to; To this end; Toward this objective; With this goal. To show solidity or doubt Admittedly; Certainly; Conclusively; Fortunately; Hopefully; Indeed; In any event; In fact; In reality; Obviously; Of course; Ordinarily; Perhaps; To be sure; Truly; Undeniably; Without any question. To show time After an hour/a day/a week; Afterward; A little later; As will be seen; At length; At present; At this point; Earlier; Finally; Here; Immediately; In the meantime; In those days; In what follows; Meantime; meanwhile; Presently; Recently; So far; Then; Today; Ultimately; .will now be developed; .will now be illustrated . To show result Accordingly; A review of the literature reveals that; As a result; Consequently; Hence; In consequence; In spite of; In view of these considerations; So far; The foregoing discussion illustrates; Therefore; thus; To meet this additional difficulty

To summarize ideas In effect;In essence;In other words;In short;In summary;Let us briefly review the steps in the analysis;Several remarks need to be made at this point;Summarizing;The foregoing discussion illustrates;To sum up

8 To summarize ideas In effect; In essence; In other words; In short; In summary; Let us briefly review the steps in the analysis; Several remarks need to be made at this point; Summarizing; The foregoing discussion illustrates; To sum up