《语音学》（英文版）Classification of English sounds

Anatomy of the Vocal Tract hard palate soft palate alveolar ridge uvula pharynx tongue tip tongue root tongue blade epi tongue body larynx 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 1 Anatomy of the Vocal Tract

Diagram of the Speech Organs Palate Apex Soft palate Dorsum of the tongue Uvula Back of the tongue Epiglottis Esophagus Lips Larynx Windpipe 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 2 Diagram of the Speech Organs

Note In addition to their normal names, many of the parts of the vocal tract have fancy names derived from latin and greek The adjectives we use to describe sounds made with each part are usually based on the Latin/greek name The following is a table of normal names and fancy names 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 3 • In addition to their normal names, many of the parts of the vocal tract have fancy names derived from Latin and Greek. The adjectives we use to describe sounds made with each part are usually based on the Latin/Greek name. • The following is a table of normal names and fancy names. Note

Normal Name Fancy Name Adjective ps labia labial teeth dental alveolar ridge alveolar (hard) palate palatal soft palate velum velar uvula uvular upper throat pha arvn pharyngeal voice box larynx laryngeal tongue tip apex apical tongue blade lamina(back) laminal tongue body dorsum dorsal tongue root radica 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 4 Normal Name Fancy Name Adjective lips labia labial teeth dental alveolar ridge alveolar (hard ) palate palatal soft palate velum velar uvula uvular upper throat pharynx pharyngeal voice box larynx laryngeal tongue tip apex apical tongue blade lamina (back) laminal tongue body dorsum dorsal tongue root radical

English Consonants Consonants and vowels Places of articulation Manners of articulation 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 5 English Consonants • Consonants and Vowels • Places of Articulation • Manners of Articulation

Consonants and Vowels The distinction between consonants and vowels is made in the following manner if the air, once out of the glottis, is allowed to pass freely through the resonators, the sound is a vowel if the air, once out of the glottis, is obstructed partially or totally, in one or more places, the sound is a consonant Before proceeding, it should be noted that the line between vowels and consonants cannot be clearly drawn; a continuum exists between the two extremes There are also intermediate instances such as the semi-vowels and the (frictionless) spirants 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 6 Consonants and Vowels • The distinction between consonants and vowels is made in the following manner: – if the air, once out of the glottis, is allowed to pass freely through the resonators, the sound is a vowel; – if the air, once out of the glottis, is obstructed, partially or totally, in one or more places, the sound is a consonant. • Before proceeding, it should be noted that the line between vowels and consonants cannot be clearly drawn; a continuum exists between the two extremes. There are also intermediate instances, such as the semi-vowels and the (frictionless) spirants

Places of articulation The place of articulation refers to where the narrowing occurs - which active articulator gets close to which passive articulator. In other words, the place of articulation is the point where the airstream is obstructed. In general, the place of articulation is simply that point on the palate where the tongue is placed to block the stream of air 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 7 Places of Articulation • The place of articulation refers to where the narrowing occurs -- which active articulator gets close to which passive articulator. In other words, the place of articulation is the point where the airstream is obstructed. In general, the place of articulation is simply that point on the palate where the tongue is placed to block the stream of air

The place of articulation can be any of the followin g the lips(labials and bilabials) the teeth( dentals) the lips and teeth (labio-dentals -- here the tongue is not directly involved) the al veolar ridge(that part of the gums behind the upper front teeth--alveolar articulations) the hard palate(given its large size, one can distinguish between palato-alveolars, palatals and palato-velars the soft palate(or velum - velar articulations the uvula(uvulars the pharynx (pharyngeals the glottis glottals) 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 8 • The place of articulation can be any of the following: – the lips (labials and bilabials), – the teeth (dentals), – the lips and teeth (labio-dentals -- here the tongue is not directly involved), – the alveolar ridge (that part of the gums behind the upper front teeth -- alveolar articulations), – the hard palate (given its large size, one can distinguish between palato-alveolars, palatals and palato-velars), – the soft palate (or velum -- velar articulations), – the uvula (uvulars), – the pharynx (pharyngeals), – the glottis (glottals)

Bilabial(双唇音) The articulators are the two lips. We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper lip the passive articulator. though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little.) English bilabial sounds include [p] [bl, and ml 2021/2/23

2021/2/23 9 Balabial （双唇音） • The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper lip the passive articulator, though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little.) English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m]

Labio-dental(唇齿音) The lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulator English labio-dental sounds include f and 2021/2/23 10

2021/2/23 10 Labio-dental （唇齿音） • The lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulator. English labio-dental sounds include [f] and [v]