《语音学》（英文版）Phonology

Phonology · Definition Phonetics vs phonolog The phoneme theory Distinctiveness in speech sounds Phoneme and allophone Minimal pairs Principles in deciding on phonemes

Phonology • Definition • Phonetics vs phonology • The phoneme theory – Distinctiveness in speech sounds – Phoneme and allophone – Minimal pairs – Principles in deciding on phonemes

Definition Phonology is the study of sound system -the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall

Definition • Phonology is the study of sound system – the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall

Phonology vs Phonetics Phonetics deals with how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received. Phonology, on the other hand, deals specifically with the ways those sounds are organized into the individual languages. Phonetics is the study of all the sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning Phonology is language specific. It deals with speech sounds within the context of a specific language

Phonology vs Phonetics • Phonetics deals with how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received. Phonology, on the other hand, deals specifically with the ways those sounds are organized into the individual languages. • Phonetics is the study of all the sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. • Phonology is language specific. It deals with speech sounds within the context of a specific language

Distinctiveness in Speech Sounds Speech sounds are different from each other in a number of ways, such as, place of articulation manner of articulation, Voicing, nasality, aspiration, tongue height, etc. Some of the differences are distinctive in that they serve to distinguish between words in a given language In english, for example, the difference between/p/ and /b/,/ and /e/ are distinctive. Substituting one sound for the other changes the meaning of a word

Distinctiveness in Speech Sounds • Speech sounds are different from each other in a number of ways, such as, place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing, nasality, aspiration, tongue height, etc. Some of the differences are distinctive in that they serve to distinguish between words in a given language. In English, for example, the difference between /p/ and /b/, /l/ and /e/ are distinctive. Substituting one sound for the other changes the meaning of a word

Phoneme and allophone Phoneme: a sound which is capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language Allophone the different members of a phoneme a phoneme is represented by one of its allophones in a particular phonetic situation

Phoneme and Allophone • Phoneme: a sound which is capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language. • Allophone: the different members of a phoneme. • A phoneme is represented by one of its allophones in a particular phonetic situation

Minimal pairs Word forms which are identical everywhere except one sound segment at the same position Examples: pin/bin, pin/pen, pin/ping

Minimal pairs • Word forms which are identical everywhere except one sound segment at the same position. • Examples: pin/bin, pin/pen, pin/ping

Principles for deciding Phonemes Contrastive distribution Free variation Complimentary distribution Phonetic similari

Principles for Deciding Phonemes • Contrastive distribution • Free variation • Complimentary distribution • Phonetic similarity

Contrastive distribution If speech sounds occur in the same phonetic environment and the substitution of one for another results in a different word then they are said to be in contrastive distribution Sounds in contrastive distribution should be assigned to different phonemes Example: /gud/ and /ga: d

Contrastive Distribution • If speech sounds occur in the same phonetic environment and the substitution of one for another results in a different word, then they are said to be in contrastive distribution. • Sounds in contrastive distribution should be assigned to different phonemes. • Example: /gud/ and /ga:d/

Free Variation f two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast that is the substitution of one for another does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word then the two sounds are in free variation Sounds in free variation should be assigned to the same phoneme Example: /lan/and /nan/ in hunan dialect

Free Variation • If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for another does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation. • Sounds in free variation should be assigned to the same phoneme. • Example: /lan/ and /nan/ in Hunan dialect

Complementary distribution When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution Sounds in complementary distribution may be assigned to the same phoneme Example: spot/pot/stop

Complementary Distribution • When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution. • Sounds in complementary distribution may be assigned to the same phoneme. • Example: spot/ pot/ stop