《国际商务》（英文版） Administrative Policie

Administrative policies Bureaucratic rules designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country. I Japanese masters'in imposing rules I Tulip bulbs Federal Express FedEx p..it McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 5-1 Administrative Policies Bureaucratic rules designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country. Japanese ‘masters’ in imposing rules. Tulip bulbs. Federal Express

5-2 GATT Negotiating rounds Annual Growth Under % GATT Geneva 1947 23 9.0 8.5 Annecy 1949 13 8.0 Torquay 1950-51 38 7.5 Geneva 1956 26 7.0 Dlln1960-62 45 6.5 Kennedy 1964-67 62 6.0 5.5 Tokyo 1973-79 99 5.0 Uruguay 1986-94 117 4.5 4.0 1953-631963-73 L World Trade L World Income McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 5-2 GATT Negotiating Rounds Geneva 1947 23 Annecy 1949 13 Torquay 1950-51 38 Geneva 1956 26 Dillon 1960-62 45 Kennedy 1964-67 62 Tokyo 1973-79 99 Uruguay 1986-94 117 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 World Trade World Income 1953-63 1963-73 Annual Growth Under % GATT

Average Reduction in US Tariff rates 1947-85 120 Index 00 Pre-Geneva 80 Tariff =100 GATT Negotiating Rounds McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 5-3 Average Reduction in US Tariff Rates 1947 - 85 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 120 Pre-Geneva Geneva Annecy Torquay Geneva Dillon Kennedy Tokyo Index Pre-Geneva Tariff = 100 GATT Negotiating Rounds

WTO 141 members(China) and 28 candidates Between 1995 and 2000, 213 disputes brought before the WTo Significant victories Telecommunications 68 countries(90% of world telecommunications revenues I Pledged to open their markets to fair competition I Financial Services 95% of financial services market 102 countries will open, to varying degrees, their markets McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 5-4 WTO 141 members (China) and 28 candidates. Between 1995 and 2000, 213 disputes brought before the WTO. Significant victories: Telecommunications 68 countries (90%) of world telecommunications revenues Pledged to open their markets to fair competition Financial Services 95% of financial services market 102 countries will open, to varying degrees, their markets