《国际商务》（英文版） The Global retail mar

The Global retail Market Development Drivers Top 25 Retailers Decline in cross-border investment barriers Saturation and slow growth in 40 local markets Carrefour began the expansion followed by Tesco and Wal-Mart 16 Retailers believed they would 2000 2009 benefit from economies of scale Market share from global buying power These retailers held strong domestic market positions McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 1-1 The Global Retail Market Development Drivers Decline in cross-border investment barriers. Saturation and slow growth in local markets. Carrefour began the expansion followed by Tesco and Wal-Mart. Retailers believed they would benefit from economies of scale from global buying power. These retailers held strong domestic market positions. Top 25 Retailers Market Share % 2000 2009 16 40

1-2 Average Tariff rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of value 1913195019902000 Fr rance 21%18%59%3.9% Germany 20 26 5.9 3.9 Italy 18 25 59 3.9 Japan 30 5.3 3.9 Holland 5 11 5.9 3.9 Sweden 20 4.4 3.9 Britain 23 59 3.9 U.S.A 44 14 4.8 3.9 Table 1.1 McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 1-2 Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products as Percent of Value 1913 1950 1990 2000 France 21% 18% 5.9% 3.9% Germany 20 26 5.9 3.9 Italy 18 25 5.9 3.9 Japan 30 5.3 3.9 Holland 5 11 5.9 3.9 Sweden 20 9 4.4 3.9 Britain 23 5.9 3.9 U.S.A. 44 14 4.8 3.9 Table 1.1

The Growth of world Trade and Output 2500 2000 Trade 1500 Trade 1000 Output 500 195019601970198019902000 Figure11 McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 1-3 The Growth of World Trade and Output 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Trade Output GDP Trade Figure 1.1

1500-1840 The Shrinking Globe Best average speed of 1850-1930 horse-drawn coaches and sailing ships, 10mph Steam locomotives average 65mph Steamships average 36mph 1950s Propeller aircraft 300-400mph.1960s igure 1.2 Fie Jet passenger aircraft 500-700mp McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 1-4 1500-1840 The Shrinking Globe 1850-1930 1950s 1960s Best average speed of horse-drawn coaches and sailing ships, 10mph. Steam locomotives average 65mph. Steamships average 36mph. Propeller aircraft 300-400 mph. Jet passenger aircraft 500-700mph. Figure 1.2

The Changing pattern of world Output and Trade Output measured by gnp COUNTRy SHARE OF SHARE OF SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT WORLD OUTPUT WORLD EXPORTS 1963 2000 2000 United states 40.3 27% 12.3% Japan 5.5 14.2 7.54 Germany 9.70.Ger.) 7.3 8. France 6.3 4.7 United 4.1 3.7 Kingdo 工taYy 4.1 3.7 Canada 3.0 2.0 NA 3.2 3.92 South korea 1.4 2.7 Table 1.2 McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 1-5 COUNTRY SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT 1963 SHARE OF WORLD OUTPUT 2000 SHARE OF WORLD EXPORTS 2000 United States 40.3% 27% 12.3% Japan 5.5 14.2 7.54 Germany 9.7 (W. Ger.) 7.3 8.7 France 6.3 5.2 4.7 United Kingdom 6.5 4.1 3.7 Italy 3.4 4.1 3.7 Canada 3.0 2.0 4.4 China NA 3.2 3.92 South Korea NA 1.4 2.7 The Changing Pattern of World Output and Trade Table 1.2 Output measured by GNP

1-6 Percentage Share of Total fdi stock, 1980-2000 433 5050 25 ■1980 20 口1990 5050 2000 U.S.A s Japan France g Dev 8 Countries Figure 1.4 McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 1-6 Percentage Share of Total FDI Stock, 1980-2000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 U.S.A. Japan France Dev. Countries 1980 1990 2000 U.K. Germany Netherlands Figure 1.4

FDI Inflows, 1988-2000 Billions) 1000 800 Developed Countries 600 口 Developing Countries 400 口 United States 口 China KAHIl Figure 1.5 McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 1-7 FDI Inflows, 1988-2000 ($ Billions) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Developed Countries Developing Countries United States China Figure 1.5

1-8 The National Composition of the Largest Multinational Companies 1973199419972001 U.sA.485%30.6%35%36.8% Japan 3.5 28.2 224 20.8 U.K 188 6 7 6.2 Fr rance 7.3 8 7.8 68 Germany 8.1 8.8 8.4 6.6 able 1.3 McGraw-HillIrwoin @2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, All Rights Reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 1-8 The National Composition of the Largest Multinational Companies 1973 1994 1997 2001 U.S.A. 48.5% 30.6% 35% 36.8% Japan 3.5 28.2 22.4 20.8 U.K. 18.8 6 7 6.2 France 7.3 8 7.8 6.8 Germany 8.1 8.8 8.4 6.6 Table 1.3