中国科学院、南京农业大学：《土壤生态学》第三讲 土壤微生物多样性

士壤微生物多样性

土壤微生物多样性

乡样性是什么? Size sha .metabolic activity nutrient requirement ° oxygen requirement habitats temperature, pH, ionic concentrations

多样性是什么? •Size •shape •metabolic activity •nutrient requirement •oxygen requirement •habitats [temperature, pH, ionic concentrations]

形态多样性 Morphological characteristics in general are related to t he way we visually perceive the features of an organis m; its size and shape From our perspectives, plants and animals have extens ve morphological diversit For microbes, morphological diversity is limited Size and shape of cells Size and shape of colonies formed by bacteri Morphological diversity is very limited for microbes There are probably millions of species of prokaryotes, and just 3 basic shapes of cells Colony morphology descriptions are also limited Estimate thousands of species, how many colony types were obse rved in lab?

形态多样性 ▪ Morphological characteristics in general are related to t he way we visually perceive the features of an organis m; its size and shape ▪ From our perspectives, plants and animals have extensi ve morphological diversity ▪ For microbes, morphological diversity is limited – Size and shape of cells – Size and shape of colonies formed by bacteria ▪ Morphological diversity is very limited for microbes – There are probably millions of species of prokaryotes, and just 3 basic shapes of cells – Colony morphology descriptions are also limited ▪ Estimate thousands of species; how many colony types were obse rved in lab?

生理多样性 What is the range of environmental parameters under which organisms can survive? -u Who lives where and under what conditions? Consider physical/ chemical parameters of the e nvironment Temperature, light, O2, pH, pressure, etc Microbes have extensive physiological diversity They live in many environments uninhabitable by euk aryotes e.g. all of the above, plus deep subsurface rocks, pH o wat ers, hot springs, antarctic ice fields, 121 C water(250!)

生理多样性 ▪ What is the range of environmental parameters under which organisms can survive? ▪ Who lives where and under what conditions? ▪ Consider physical/chemical parameters of the e nvironment – Temperature, light, O2 , pH, pressure, etc. ▪ Microbes have extensive physiological diversity – They live in many environments uninhabitable by euk aryotes ▪ e.g. all of the above, plus deep subsurface rocks, pH 0 wat ers, hot springs, antarctic ice fields, 121°C water (250°F!)

微生物代谢多样性 Microbes have extensive metabolic diversity Photoautotrophy Oxygenic photosynthesis AND anoxygenic photosynthesis Photoheterotrophy(not photosynthesis Use light energy and organic compounds to make biomole cules Only Prokaryotes can do this. Chemoautotrophy Use inorganic compounds for energy to fix CO2 Only Prokaryotes can do ts can be used Several different compounds Chemoheterotrophy Use organic compounds for both carbon and energy Often the same compound is used for both Huge array of organic molecules are food for microbes, in cluding many that are toxic or deadly to other organisms

微生物代谢多样性 ▪ Microbes have extensive metabolic diversity – Photoautotrophy ▪ Oxygenic photosynthesis AND anoxygenic photosynthesis – Photoheterotrophy (not photosynthesis!) ▪ Use light energy and organic compounds to make biomole cules ▪ Only Prokaryotes can do this! – Chemoautotrophy ▪ Use inorganic compounds for energy to fix CO2 – Several different compounds can be used ▪ Only Prokaryotes can do this! – Chemoheterotrophy ▪ Use organic compounds for both carbon and energy ▪ Often the same compound is used for both ▪ Huge array of organic molecules are food for microbes, in cluding many that are toxic or deadly to other organisms

传多样性 True and heritable differences in genes (DNA sequences) between organisms J Consider 1. Morphological diversity 2. Physiological diversity 3. Metabolic diversity 4. Genetic diversity 1, 2, 3 can all be manifested at the genetic le vel, and many times are Genotypic differences(true genetic differences) However,, 2.3 can also result from differen t patterns of gene expression Phenotypic differences(observable traits

遗传多样性 ▪ True and heritable differences in genes (DNA sequences) between organisms ▪ Consider: 1. Morphological diversity 2. Physiological diversity 3. Metabolic diversity 4. Genetic diversity ▪ 1, 2, 3 can all be manifested at the genetic le vel, and many times are ▪ Genotypic differences (true genetic differences) ▪ However, 1, 2, 3 can also result from differen t patterns of gene expression ▪ Phenotypic differences (observable traits)

微生物多样性评价 从多个方面 Morphological diversity 2. Physiological diversit 3. Metabolic diversity 4. Genetic diversity 需要多种新的方法

微生物多样性评价 ▪ 从多个方面 1. Morphological diversity 2. Physiological diversity 3. Metabolic diversity 4. Genetic diversity ▪ 需要多种新的方法

形态学评价 Cell morphology Size and shape of cells Inclusions(e. g. endospores) Numbers and distribution of appendages Measured by light micros copy, e microscopy Special or differential stains(e.g. Gram stain) are often use Colony morphology As done in lab exercise Can characterize based on size, shape, color, outline, eleva tion, refractility, other features

形态学评价 ▪ Cell morphology – Size and shape of cells – Inclusions (e.g. endospores) – Numbers and distribution of appendages – Measured by light microscopy, e- microscopy ▪ Special or differential stains (e.g. Gram stain) are often use d ▪ Colony morphology – As done in lab exercise ▪ Can characterize based on size, shape, color, outline, eleva tion, refractility, other features

生理学评价 Examine biological parameters under a v ariety of conditions Activity Growth(doubling time) Survival(persistence) Community diversity Commonly assessed parameters Temperature, pH, oXygen requirements, hal tolerance, antibiotic/metal resistance

生理学评价 ▪ Examine biological parameters under a v ariety of conditions – Activity – Growth (doubling time) – Survival (persistence) – Community diversity ▪ Commonly assessed parameters: – Temperature, pH, oxygen requirements, hal otolerance, antibiotic/metal resistance

代谢和生化评价 Determine ranges of carbon sources used Determine redox couples(electron donors and acceptors) used for metabolism Measure products formed CO evolution from aerobes Gases produced by fermenters Products from partial metabolism Toxic waste products

代谢和生化评价 ▪ Determine ranges of carbon sources used ▪ Determine redox couples (electron donors and acceptors) used for metabolism ▪ Measure products formed – CO2 evolution from aerobes – Gases produced by fermenters – Products from partial metabolism – Toxic waste products