烃衍生物（英语）——英汉烃衍生物Organic compounds

Organic compounds -mu--derivatives of the hydrocarbon

Organic compounds -----derivatives of the hydrocarbon

Derivatives of the hydrocarbons are formed, by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by other groups referred to as functional groups An alcohol is closely related to a hydrocarbon in that it contains an Oh group in place of a hydrogen atom. Thus methyl alcohol, ch3oh, is a derivative of methane, CH4; and ethyl alcohol C2h5oH, is a derivative of ethane. C2h6

Derivatives of the hydrocarbons are formed, by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by other groups referred to as functional groups. An alcohol is closely related to a hydrocarbon in that it contains an OH group in place of a hydrogen atom. Thus, methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is a derivative of methane, CH4; and ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, is a derivative of ethane, C2H6

Alcohols, r-oh Although all alcohols have one or more OH groups, they differ from bases such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide in that they do not furnish hydroxide ions in water, not do they have the other usual properties of bases Methyl alcohol (methanol) produced today is synthesized from either carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide

Alcohols, R-OH ❖ Although all alcohols have one or more OH groups, they differ from bases such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide in that they do not furnish hydroxide ions in water, not do they have the other usual properties of bases. ❖ Methyl alcohol (methanol) produced today is synthesized from either carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide

Methyl alcohol is a colorless liquid boiling at 65C. In odor and taste it is similar to ethy alcohol. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous however; intoxication, blindness, and death may result when its vapors are breathed in quantities or when the liquid is taken internally Methyl alcohol is used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and other organic products, as a solvent for resins, gums, and shellac, and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol (to make the ethyl alcohol unfit for human consumption)

Methyl alcohol is a colorless liquid boiling at 65℃. In odor and taste it is similar to ethyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous, however; intoxication, blindness, and death may result when its vapors are breathed in quantities or when the liquid is taken internally. Methyl alcohol is used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and other organic products; as a solvent for resins, gums, and shellac; and as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol (to make the ethyl alcohol unfit for human consumption)

Ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, is the most important of the alcohols. It is also known as grain alcohol ethanol, or simply as alcohol. It has long been prepared from starch, cellulose, and sugars of certain plants by the process of fermentation Solutions of alcohol resulting from fermentation contain from 8 to 12 per cent alcohol, but by fractional distillation 95 per cent alcohol can be obtained. Removal of the residual water by distillation over calcium oxide or barium oxide results in the production of absolute alcohol (100%)

Ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, is the most important of the alcohols. It is also known as grain alcohol, ethanol, or simply as alcohol. It has long been prepared from starch, cellulose, and sugars of certain plants by the process of fermentation. Solutions of alcohol resulting from fermentation contain from 8 to 12 per cent alcohol, but by fractional distillation 95 per cent alcohol can be obtained. Removal of the residual water by distillation over calcium oxide or barium oxide results in the production of absolute alcohol (100%)

Large quantities of ethyl alcohol are produced synthetically from both ethylene or acetylene Ethyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a characteristic and somewhat pleasant odor. It is miscible with water in all proportions. The boiling point of the pure alcohol is 7837C, but it forms a constant-boiling mixture with water that contains 95.57C per cent alcohol by weight and boils at 78.15.. Ethyl alcohol is the least toxic of all the alcohols and is present in all alcoholic beverages

Large quantities of ethyl alcohol are produced synthetically from both ethylene or acetylene. Ethyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a characteristic and somewhat pleasant odor. It is miscible with water in all proportions. The boiling point of the pure alcohol is 78.37℃, but it forms a constant-boiling mixture with water that contains 95.57℃ per cent alcohol by weight and boils at 78.15℃. Ethyl alcohol is the least toxic of all the alcohols and is present in all alcoholic beverages

Of all synthetic compounds, ethyl alcohol ranks first in quantity produced and economic value. It is used as a solvent in the preparation of tinctures, essences, extracts and varnishes. It is used in the preparation of iodoform, ether medicinals, dyes, perfumes, collodion, and solvents for the lacquer industry. It is used to some extent as a motor fuel and is currently under study as an additive to gasolines containing no tetraethyl lead to increase the octane rating

Of all synthetic compounds, ethyl alcohol ranks first in quantity produced and economic value. It is used as a solvent in the preparation of tinctures, essences, extracts and varnishes. It is used in the preparation of iodoform, ether, medicinals, dyes, perfumes, collodion, and solvents for the lacquer industry. It is used to some extent as a motor fuel and is currently under study as an additive to gasolines containing no tetraethyl lead to increase the octane rating

Alcohols containing two or more hydroxy groups can be made. Ethylene glycol C2H4(OH)2, and glycerol, C3H5(OH), are important examples Ethylene glycol is used as a solvent and as an antifreeze in automobile radiators Glycerol (also called glycerin) is produced, along with soap, when either fats or oils are heated with alkali

Alcohols containing two or more hydroxyl groups can be made. Ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH)2, and glycerol, C3H5(OH)3, are important examples. Ethylene glycol is used as a solvent and as an antifreeze in automobile radiators. Glycerol (also called glycerin) is produced, along with soap, when either fats or oils are heated with alkali

Phenols .o Derivatives of benzene which contain one or more hydroxyl group attached directly to carbon atoms of the benzene ring are called phenols. The hydroxyl group in these compounds is markedly acidic in character, and phenol itself, C6H5OH, is commonly known as carbolic acid. It is an important constituent of coal tar but is produced synthetically from benzene. When pure phenol is a colorless crystalline substance, melting at 42-43C and boiling at 181.4 C. It has a very corrosive action on tissues, and on the skin it causes blisters to form rapidly. If taken internally, phenol causes irritation and necrosis of the mucous membranes. It may also paralyze the central nervous system, causing death Very dilute solutions of phenol are used as disinfectants

Phenols, ❖ Derivatives of benzene which contain one or more hydroxyl group attached directly to carbon atoms of the benzene ring are called phenols. The hydroxyl group in these compounds is markedly acidic in character, and phenol itself, C6H5OH, is commonly known as carbolic acid. It is an important constituent of coal tar but is produced synthetically from benzene. When pure, phenol is a colorless crystalline substance, melting at 42~43℃ and boiling at 181.4℃. It has a very corrosive action on tissues, and on the skin it causes blisters to form rapidly. If taken internally, phenol causes irritation and necrosis of the mucous membranes. It may also paralyze the central nervous system, causing death. Very dilute solutions of phenol are used as disinfectants

Ethers, R-o-R os The ethers are compounds obtained from alcohols, by the elimination of a molecule of water from two molecules of the alcohol. For example, when ethyl alcohol is treated with a limited amount of sulfuric acid and heated to 140C, diethyl ether (ordinary ether)is formed in a series of reactions which result also in the formation of water

Ethers, R-O-R ❖ The ethers are compounds obtained from alcohols, by the elimination of a molecule of water from two molecules of the alcohol. For example, when ethyl alcohol is treated with a limited amount of sulfuric acid and heated to 140℃, diethyl ether (ordinary ether) is formed in a series of reactions which result also in the formation of water