《卫生经济学》课程参考文献（WHO年度报告）：World Health Report 2002_Reducing Risk Promoting Healthy Life_annex13

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230 The World Health Report 2002 Statistical Annex 231 Childhood and maternal undernutrition Underweight 64 119 62 766 126 885 14 780 13 660 16 428 14 980 2 2 458 389 475 375 268 258 7 523 7 777 1 1 318 276 9 7 1 352 984 19 329 20 885 1 1 3 176 3 172 Iron deficiency 11 891 13 967 25 858 1 906 2 128 2 108 2 553 30 27 378 361 83 101 95 108 1 164 1 368 20 19 94 82 46 39 402 468 4 459 5 455 4 3 1 103 1 256 Vitamin A deficiency 11 276 14 727 26 003 3 049 3 730 4 049 5 008 0 0 78 103 53 68 9 8 1 149 1 748 0 0 1 1 0 0 344 403 2 306 3 354 0 0 239 304 Zinc deficiency 13 459 13 167 26 626 2 473 2 284 4 319 3 942 0 0 92 77 163 128 58 55 1 485 1 519 0 0 62 54 5 4 174 129 4 439 4 773 0 0 188 201 Other diet-related risks and physical inactivity Blood pressure 30 206 25 342 55 548 873 1 152 874 1 038 1 336 900 1 536 1 226 186 156 764 490 1 582 1 490 2 170 1 484 2 396 1 930 4 850 4 099 1 225 1 231 6 176 4 619 582 338 5 657 5 191 Cholesterol 19 373 15 600 34 974 344 483 401 492 1 230 819 908 656 98 74 560 274 1 148 915 1 768 1 107 1 308 877 3 747 2 862 731 356 4 927 4 722 295 172 1 908 1 791 Overweight 11 276 11 868 23 143 177 229 267 416 1 174 921 1 138 1 321 142 166 419 289 648 721 1 317 1 040 1 130 1 075 2 139 1 975 448 565 486 1 273 175 122 1 616 1 753 Low fruit and vegetable intake 13 463 10 014 23 477 223 307 388 407 721 440 780 487 66 60 299 149 548 481 692 350 705 453 2 236 1 507 549 455 3 699 3 054 196 94 2 363 1 770 Physical inactivity 8 562 7 278 15 841 191 239 228 266 542 423 485 462 51 55 232 125 477 409 705 511 559 424 1 319 1 070 342 330 2 135 1 811 167 109 1 130 1 043 Sexual and reproductive health risks Unsafe sex 36 918 40 052 76 970 5 419 6 525 21 730 26 338 174 137 559 479 440 239 4 47 917 1 030 75 114 22 117 79 172 810 511 6 188 3 779 4 31 498 533 Lack of contraception … 4 206 4 206 … 474 … 970 … 1 … 145 … 102 … 31 … 639 … 1 … 12 … 10 … 175 … 1 551 … 0 … 95 Addictive substances Tobacco 37 913 7 708 45 622 495 80 1 126 301 2 604 1 789 1 603 500 41 11 448 133 1 416 282 3 856 858 2 786 489 6 270 580 2 066 135 8 660 1 403 752 200 5 792 948 Alcohol 28 035 4 662 32 697 1 003 292 2 576 572 804 86 4 118 551 435 79 132 16 139 22 1 223 19 1 383 296 5 524 1 050 1 156 189 2 936 462 309 - 60 6 299 1 087 Illicit drugs 3 841 978 4 819 122 19 27 6 232 173 162 88 33 12 110 22 430 92 266 136 63 32 424 113 313 16 924 194 58 18 676 59 Environmental risks Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene 24 917 24 315 49 232 3 612 2 937 6 148 5 139 3 3 467 387 395 280 261 266 3 633 4 350 3 4 247 223 39 30 640 414 8 212 9 209 2 2 1 254 1 072 Urban air pollution 3 533 2 871 6 404 153 132 80 67 87 65 133 99 24 20 47 30 305 253 73 44 170 118 191 129 154 128 718 594 53 31 1 343 1 161 Indoor smoke from solid fuels 17 341 17 805 35 146 2 948 2 329 3 760 3 028 1 2 136 137 159 139 27 27 1 736 1 614 0 0 224 211 16 24 386 390 6 324 7 140 0 0 1 625 2 764 Lead exposure 1 888 914 2 801 66 47 68 41 26 11 172 85 23 12 83 40 163 83 40 14 180 81 316 122 73 42 443 226 5 2 230 107 Climate change 2 415 2 530 4 945 301 285 583 589 1 1 11 11 10 8 7 7 317 354 0 0 4 3 1 1 15 10 1 105 1 223 0 0 59 37 Occupational risks Risk factors for injury 6 674 433 7 107 331 22 414 27 61 4 388 25 56 4 179 12 620 41 88 6 117 8 335 22 443 29 1 812 118 34 2 1 795 116 Carcinogens 1 105 271 1 376 12 4 17 7 68 21 47 11 4 1 15 2 23 4 126 20 80 12 162 30 42 8 146 24 30 6 332 122 Airborne particulates 1 344 143 1 487 21 2 28 2 50 16 56 4 1 0 8 1 35 3 60 11 45 2 90 3 57 4 263 22 9 1 621 71 Ergonomic stressors 4 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Noise 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other selected risks to health Unsafe health care injections 5 504 3 675 9 179 223 174 757 702 0 0 10 4 16 10 0 0 351 346 0 0 7 4 86 48 301 136 1 957 1 556 0 0 1 796 696 Childhood sexual abuse 784 908 1 691 9 5 34 16 18 19 21 4 6 1 10 11 29 33 15 15 18 11 62 30 12 10 359 461 10 15 180 276 a See the List of Member States by WHO Region and mortality stratum. b The combined effects of any group of risk factors in this table will often be less than the sum of their separate effects. … Data not available or not applicable. Annex Table 13 Attributable years of life lost (YLL) by risk factor, sex and mortality stratum in WHO Regions,a 2000b WORLD AFRICA THE AMERICAS EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE SOUTH-EAST ASIA WESTERN PACIFIC Mortality stratum Mortality stratum Mortality stratum Mortality stratum Mortality stratum Mortality stratum High child, High child, Very low child, Low child, High child, Low child, High child, Very low child, Low child, Low child, Low child, High child, Very low child, Low child, high adult very high adult very low adult low adult high adult low adult high adult very low adult low adult high adult low adult high adult very low adult low adult Males Females Total Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000)