《卫生经济学》课程参考文献（WHO年度报告）：World Health Report 2002_Reducing Risk Promoting Healthy Life_annex6

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218 The World Health Report 2002 Statistical Annex 219 Annex Table 6 Summary prevalence of selected risk factors by subregion,a 2000b,c Risk factord Prevalence criteria AFR-D AFR-E AMR-A AMR-B AMR-D EMR-B EMR-D EUR-A EUR-B EUR-C SEAR-B SEAR-D WPR-A WPR-B Alcohol Proportion consuming alcohol 38% 44% 67% 66% 62% 10% 5% 87% 62% 86% 21% 14% 84% 57% Blood pressure Mean systolic pressure (mmHg) 133 129 127 128 128 133 131 135 137 138 128 125 133 124 Childhood sexual abuse Proportion of adults with history of abuse 14% 33% 15% 9% 15% 18% 18% 9% 18% 16% 6% 46% 16% 26% Cholesterol Mean cholesterol (mmol/l)e 4.8 4.8 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.1 5.8 4.7 5.1 5.2 4.6 Indoor smoke from solid fuels Proportion using biofuel 73% 86% 1% 25% 53% 6% 55% 0% 26% 7% 66% 83% 0% 28% Iron deficiency Mean haemoglobin level (g/dl) 10.6 10.6 12.5 11.2 11.2 10.5 10.5 12.5 11.9 11.9 11.0 10.4 12.5 11.0 Low fruit and vegetable intake Average intake per day (g) 350 240 290 190 340 350 360 450 380 220 220 240 410 330 Overweight Body mass index (kg/m2) 21.3 21.8 26.9 26.0 26.0 25.2 22.3 26.7 26.5 26.5 23.1 19.9 23.4 22.9 Physical inactivity Proportion with no physical activity 12% 11% 20% 23% 23% 19% 18% 17% 20% 24% 15% 17% 17% 16% Underweight Proportion less than 2 SD weight for age 32% 31% 2% 5% 12% 8% 25% 2% 8% 3% 26% 46% 4% 16% Unplanned pregnancies Proportion not using modern contraception 91% 86% 33% 45% 68% 63% 82% 31% 66% 52% 45% 65% 46% 73% Unsafe health care injections Unsafe injection(s) exposing to Hepatitis B each year 5% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 12% 0% 0% 1% 6% 10% 0% 8% Urban air pollution Concentration of particles less than 10 micron (µg/m3) 23 16 13 15 20 17 27 13 24 18 28 25 13 28 Vitamin A deficiency Proportion vitamin A deficient with night blindness 19% 23% 0% 9% 9% 1% 16% 0% 0% 0% 28% 18% 0% 9% Zinc deficiency Proportion not consuming US recommended dietary intake 37% 62% 6% 26% 68% 25% 52% 4% 13% 6% 34% 73% 4% 9% a See the List of Member States by WHO Region and mortality stratum for an explanation of subregions. b Estimates are age standardized to the WHO reference population most relevant to the risk factor: alcohol, childhood sexual abuse, and physical inactivity: ≥15 years of age; blood pressure, cholesterol, overweight, and low fruit and vegetable intake: ≥30 years of age; iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, zinc deficiency, and underweight: children under 5 years of age; unplanned pregnancies: women 15–44 years of age. cThis table reflects the latest available data and may differ slightly from information presented in Chapter 4. d Many risk factors were characterized at multiple levels; here they are collapsed to show exposure or no exposure (or means). e 1 mmol/l = 38.7 mg/dl