《卫生经济学》课程参考文献（WHO年度报告）：World Health Report 2002_Reducing Risk Promoting Healthy Life_annex9_10

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224 The World Health Report 2002 Statistical Annex 225 Annex Table 9 Attributable mortality by risk factor, level of development and sex, 2000a High mortality Low mortality developing countries developing countries Developed countries AFR-D, AFR-E, AMR-D, EMR-D, SEAR-D AMR-B, EMR-B, SEAR-B, WPR-B AMR-A, EUR-A, EUR-B, EUR-C, WPR-A Males Females Males Females Males Females (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) Childhood and maternal undernutrition Underweight 1 734 1 697 156 142 10 9 Iron deficiency 302 381 65 75 8 10 Vitamin A deficiency 314 420 20 25 0 0 Zinc deficiency 383 373 15 14 2 2 Other diet-related risks and physical inactivity Blood pressure 1 017 954 1 091 1 115 1 383 1 581 Cholesterol 682 723 434 416 996 1 165 Overweight 150 250 361 415 658 759 Low fruit and vegetable intake 491 437 432 354 527 487 Physical inactivity 312 285 240 236 410 439 Sexual and reproductive health risks Unsafe sex 1 284 1 383 71 92 15 41 Lack of contraception … 132 … 16 … 1 Addictive substances Tobacco 1 031 185 1 048 217 1 814 612 Alcohol 356 72 729 115 552 - 21 Illicit drugs 66 14 53 8 44 20 Environmental risks Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene 792 746 92 80 10 10 Urban air pollution 119 101 215 211 78 76 Indoor smoke from solid fuels 490 549 159 399 9 13 Lead exposure 60 33 46 23 49 23 Climate change 73 75 3 2 0 0 Occupational risks Risk factors for injury 141 9 122 8 28 2 Carcinogens 19 4 45 13 54 11 Airborne particulates 40 3 134 16 43 7 Ergonomic stressors 0 0 0 0 0 0 Noise 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other selected risks to health Unsafe health care injections 154 113 156 66 7 4 Childhood sexual abuse 19 21 12 15 6 5 a The combined effects of any group of risk factors in this table will often be less than the sum of their separate effects. … Data not available or not applicable. Annex Table 10 Attributable DALYs by risk factor, level of development and sex, 2000a High mortality Low mortality developing countries developing countries Developed countries AFR-D, AFR-E, AMR-D, EMR-D, SEAR-D AMR-B, EMR-B, SEAR-B, WPR-B AMR-A, EUR-A, EUR-B, EUR-C, WPR-A Males Females Males Females Males Females (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) Childhood and maternal undernutrition Underweight 62 730 61 668 6 576 6 020 427 379 Iron deficiency 11 898 14 272 3 242 4 050 617 979 Vitamin A deficiency 10 919 14 218 675 823 1 1 Zinc deficiency 13 544 13 237 587 534 71 62 Other diet-related risks and physical inactivity Blood pressure 10 963 9 664 10 824 9 454 13 132 10 232 Cholesterol 7 794 7 808 4 879 3 730 9 463 6 764 Overweight 2 344 4 064 5 119 5 996 8 080 7 813 Low fruit and vegetable intake 5 505 4 963 4 550 3 319 5 062 3 262 Physical inactivity 3 596 3 336 2 697 2 477 3 866 3 120 Sexual and reproductive health risks Unsafe sex 39 324 45 240 2 685 2 994 591 1 035 Lack of contraception … 7 495 … 1 181 … 137 Addictive substances Tobacco 14 206 2 477 13 808 2 486 20 162 5 942 Alcohol 11 106 2 059 21 830 3 690 16 462 3 176 Illicit drugs 3 236 796 2 743 570 2 689 1 183 Environmental risks Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene 23 157 23 026 3 846 3 304 429 396 Urban air pollution 1 454 1 231 2 272 1 736 687 484 Indoor smoke from solid fuels 15 534 14 859 3 252 4 343 253 297 Lead exposure 3 206 2 747 3 020 2 564 886 502 Climate change 2 535 2 667 156 138 10 12 Occupational risks Risk factors for injury 6 266 485 4 686 463 1 118 106 Carcinogens 207 44 449 148 481 91 Airborne particulates 449 37 1 815 128 507 102 Ergonomic stressors 187 132 214 148 85 53 Noise 1 190 505 1 136 615 462 243 Other selected risks to health Unsafe health care injections 3 846 3 090 2 396 952 115 63 Childhood sexual abuse 1 425 2 932 1 118 1 415 391 954 a The combined effects of any group of risk factors in this table will often be less than the sum of their separate effects. … Data not available or not applicable