《卫生经济学》课程参考文献（WHO年度报告）：World Health Report 2002_Reducing Risk Promoting Healthy Life_annex4

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198 The World Health Report 2002 Statistical Annex 199 Healthy life expectancy (HALE)a Expectation of Percentage (years) lost healthy of total life Total Males Females population 2001 2001 Member State At birth At birth Uncertainty At age 60 Uncertainty At birth Uncertainty At age 60 Uncertainty Males Females Males Females 2000 2001 interval interval interval interval 2001 2001 years at birth (years) expectancy lost Healthy life expectancy (HALE)a Expectation of Percentage (years) lost healthy of total life Total Males Females population 2001 2001 Member State At birth At birth Uncertainty At age 60 Uncertainty At birth Uncertainty At age 60 Uncertainty Males Females Males Females 2000 2001 interval interval interval interval 2001 2001 years at birth (years) expectancy lost 1 Afghanistan 33.8 33.4 31.1 24.9 - 37.6 4.9 3.2 - 6.8 35.7 27.4 - 44.6 8.7 6.9 - 10.7 10.0 8.1 24.4 18.4 2 Albania 58.6 58.7 55.9 55.0 - 58.4 8.8 8.3 - 9.9 61.5 60.5 - 63.2 12.7 12.0 - 14.1 10.4 11.7 15.7 16.0 3 Algeria 57.5 57.8 55.8 54.2 - 58.5 10.3 9.3 - 11.9 59.9 58.7 - 62.1 12.2 11.5 - 13.5 11.9 11.2 17.6 15.8 4 Andorra 70.8 70.9 68.8 67.9 - 70.3 15.8 15.2 - 17.0 73.0 69.7 - 76.8 18.5 16.3 - 21.2 7.4 10.0 9.8 12.0 5 Angola 28.9 28.7 25.7 19.8 - 31.9 5.8 2.9 - 8.4 31.7 24.5 - 38.2 9.2 7.4 - 11.1 8.4 6.5 24.8 17.1 6 Antigua and Barbuda 59.7 59.7 56.9 55.4 - 60.0 10.3 9.4 - 11.4 62.6 61.9 - 64.6 13.4 13.0 - 14.1 11.8 10.9 17.2 14.8 7 Argentina 62.9 63.1 60.6 59.6 - 62.2 11.9 11.3 - 12.9 65.7 64.8 - 67.6 15.1 14.6 - 16.3 9.5 12.0 13.6 15.5 8 Armenia 57.9 58.3 55.4 54.1 - 57.3 9.2 8.5 - 10.2 61.1 59.6 - 63.5 12.2 11.6 - 13.3 10.8 11.9 16.3 16.3 9 Australia 71.4 71.6 70.1 69.4 - 71.2 16.4 15.8 - 17.3 73.2 72.5 - 74.4 18.8 18.4 - 19.6 7.3 9.5 9.4 11.4 10 Austria 70.7 71.0 68.9 68.5 - 69.7 15.7 15.4 - 16.3 73.0 72.4 - 74.2 18.5 18.3 - 19.0 7.0 8.8 9.3 10.7 11 Azerbaijan 51.7 52.8 50.3 49.2 - 52.6 8.5 7.9 - 9.9 55.4 54.1 - 57.4 11.0 10.3 - 12.3 10.4 11.2 17.2 16.8 12 Bahamas 58.4 58.6 54.7 53.0 - 57.6 11.1 9.9 - 13.2 62.5 61.3 - 64.9 14.7 14 - 16.2 14.1 12.5 20.5 16.7 13 Bahrain 61.9 61.8 62.3 61.4 - 63.6 10.5 9.5 - 11.6 61.3 60.6 - 63.0 9.4 8.9 - 10.2 9.9 12.2 13.7 16.6 14 Bangladesh 52.0 52.1 51.7 50.0 - 54.1 9.4 8.8 - 10.5 52.6 51.5 - 54.4 10.9 10.3 - 11.7 10.2 9.2 16.5 14.9 15 Barbados 63.9 64.3 61.0 59.9 - 63.1 12.3 11.6 - 13.3 67.6 66.7 - 69.5 16.4 15.8 - 17.7 9.5 10.6 13.5 13.5 16 Belarus 58.8 58.4 53.9 53.0 - 55.7 9.5 9.1 - 10.2 62.8 61.6 - 64.8 13.0 12.3 - 14.3 9.0 11.4 14.3 15.4 17 Belgium 69.6 69.7 67.7 67.2 - 68.7 14.8 14.4 - 15.5 71.8 71.1 - 73.0 17.8 17.6 - 18.3 7.1 9.4 9.5 11.6 18 Belize 58.7 58.9 56.3 54.9 - 58.5 10.4 9.7 - 11.4 61.5 60.1 - 63.8 12.9 12.0 - 14.4 11.4 11.3 16.8 15.5 19 Benin 42.1 42.1 40.1 34.4 - 46.7 7.1 4.8 - 9.3 44.1 38.5 - 51.7 9.5 6.7 - 12.3 10.9 9.2 21.4 17.3 20 Bhutan 51.2 51.4 50.0 43.8 - 57.2 9.2 7.4 - 11.3 52.9 46.0 - 61.3 11.1 8.6 - 13.9 10.5 9.9 17.3 15.7 21 Bolivia 50.4 50.8 48.0 41.2 - 55.2 8.4 6.4 - 10.6 53.6 46.6 - 62.7 11.0 9.1 - 13.7 13.1 10.7 21.4 16.7 22 Bosnia and Herzegovina 62.3 62.5 60.0 59.2 - 61.7 11.3 10.8 - 12.3 64.9 63.7 - 66.7 14.3 13.6 - 15.7 9.3 11.5 13.4 15.0 23 Botswana 34.4 32.9 33.0 29.7 - 36.3 9.1 7.1 - 11.2 32.7 29.7 - 35.8 12.2 8.6 - 15.7 6.4 5.9 16.2 15.2 24 Brazilb 56.3 56.7 52.2 50.0 - 55.1 9.4 8.3 - 10.8 61.1 59.5 - 63.5 13.0 12.2 - 14.9 13.3 11.0 20.2 15.2 25 Brunei Darussalam 62.0 62.0 60.4 59.5 - 62.3 10.5 10.0 - 11.8 63.7 62.1 - 65.9 12.8 12.3 - 13.7 12.8 12.2 17.4 16.1 26 Bulgaria 63.1 63.0 60.8 60.2 - 62.1 11.5 11.2 - 12.1 65.2 64.5 - 66.7 13.9 13.4 - 15.1 7.5 9.6 11.0 12.8 27 Burkina Faso 35.0 35.1 33.9 29.0 - 39.8 7.0 5.1 - 9.2 36.3 31.3 - 42.7 9.4 7.1 - 11.8 8.3 7.2 19.6 16.5 28 Burundi 33.9 33.7 31.7 27.6 - 36.7 6.8 4.9 - 8.6 35.7 30.1 - 41.3 9.6 7.7 - 11.8 6.8 6.6 17.6 15.6 29 Cambodia 45.9 46.4 43.0 37.7 - 48.7 7.6 6.0 - 9.4 49.9 44.0 - 59.0 10.5 8.6 - 13.6 10.3 9.1 19.3 15.4 30 Cameroon 41.0 40.4 38.8 33.8 - 45.2 7.3 4.7 - 10.3 42.0 36.7 - 48.4 9.9 8.0 - 12.5 10.1 8.4 20.6 16.7 31 Canada 69.7 69.9 68.2 67.6 - 69.1 15.3 15.0 - 16.0 71.6 70.9 - 72.7 17.9 17.6 - 18.6 8.4 10.4 11.0 12.6 32 Cape Verde 56.3 56.5 52.2 49.3 - 55.3 9.2 8.0 - 10.4 60.8 57.0 - 64.6 12.3 10.2 - 14.5 13.6 11.3 20.6 15.6 33 Central African Republic 34.0 34.0 32.3 26.9 - 38.1 6.0 3.7 - 8.3 35.6 30.3 - 42.0 9.2 7.3 - 11.2 9.7 7.7 23.1 17.7 34 Chad 38.5 38.7 35.9 29.4 - 43.8 6.3 3.8 - 8.9 41.5 35.5 - 49.0 9.3 7.1 - 11.8 11.1 8.7 23.7 17.3 35 Chile 65.8 66.1 64.4 63.4 - 65.8 13.3 12.8 - 14.2 67.8 66.8 - 69.6 15.5 15.0 - 16.4 8.7 11.7 12.0 14.7 36 China 62.8 63.2 62.0 61.5 - 63.0 12.7 12.4 - 13.2 64.3 63.4 - 66.0 14.2 14.0 - 14.6 7.7 8.4 11.1 11.6 37 Colombia 58.6 58.7 55.3 54.0 - 57.4 10.7 10.0 - 12.0 62.1 60.5 - 64.5 12.9 12.6 - 13.8 11.4 12.7 17.1 16.9 38 Comoros 49.7 49.9 47.0 40.7 - 54.9 7.6 5.7 - 9.7 52.8 46.6 - 61.6 10.2 8.2 - 13.0 12.8 11.0 21.4 17.2 39 Congo 42.9 43.0 40.9 34.9 - 47.4 7.7 5.2 - 10.4 45.2 39.2 - 51.7 10.6 8.1 - 13.5 10.9 8.7 21.1 16.1 40 Cook Islands 60.4 60.5 58.3 57.1 - 60.5 10.2 9.6 - 11.0 62.6 60.8 - 64.9 12.7 11.9 - 14.0 11.6 11.4 16.6 15.5 41 Costa Rica 65.0 64.8 62.6 61.6 - 64.7 12.9 12.0 - 14.3 67.0 66.0 - 69.2 15.3 14.9 - 16.3 11.1 11.6 15.1 14.7 42 Côte d’Ivoire 38.0 37.8 36.3 31.2 - 42.7 7.3 5.4 - 9.4 39.3 34.2 - 45.1 9.7 7.3 - 12.2 8.7 7.7 19.3 16.4 43 Croatia 63.1 63.3 59.7 59.2 - 60.5 10.1 9.9 - 10.6 66.9 66.1 - 68.2 14.4 14.2 - 14.8 9.2 10.2 13.3 13.3 44 Cubab 66.6 66.6 64.7 64.0 - 66.2 14.4 14.0 - 15.3 68.5 67.6 - 69.9 16.6 16.0 - 17.6 10.0 10.8 13.4 13.6 45 Cyprus 66.2 66.2 65.3 64.4 - 66.9 13.2 12.5 - 14.7 67.2 66.4 - 69.2 14.5 14.1 - 15.6 9.4 12.0 12.5 15.1 46 Czech Republic 66.4 66.6 63.8 63.2 - 64.7 12.8 12.4 - 13.4 69.5 68.6 - 70.8 16.0 15.7 - 16.4 8.1 9.3 11.3 11.8 47 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 55.8 55.8 53.5 52.5 - 56.4 10.7 10.4 - 11.5 58.1 57.0 - 60.3 13.2 12.5 - 14.1 10.5 10.3 16.5 15.0 48 Democratic Republic of the Congo 34.9 34.8 32.3 26.2 - 40.1 6.3 4.5 - 8.1 37.3 30.3 - 45.9 9.2 7.4 - 11.3 9.8 8.2 23.3 18.0 49 Denmark 69.8 70.1 69.3 68.8 - 70.4 15.5 15.1 - 16.1 70.8 70.2 - 72.1 16.7 16.4 - 17.3 5.5 8.7 7.3 10.9 50 Djibouti 39.9 40.1 37.9 31.7 - 44.5 6.9 4.6 - 9.0 42.3 36.2 - 49.4 9.6 8.1 - 11.7 10.0 8.1 20.9 16.1 51 Dominica 62.0 62.1 59.4 57.4 - 62.3 13.0 12.4 - 14.3 64.8 63.6 - 66.6 15.0 14.4 - 16.0 12.2 11.2 17.1 14.7 52 Dominican Republic 56.0 56.4 53.0 51.9 - 55.8 9.7 9.2 - 10.7 59.8 58.7 - 62.2 13.1 12.5 - 14.2 11.1 10.7 17.2 15.1 53 Ecuador 59.0 59.5 56.6 54.9 - 59.0 11.6 11.0 - 12.6 62.4 61.2 - 64.4 14.2 13.4 - 15.6 11.1 10.8 16.4 14.7 54 Egypt 56.4 56.7 56.4 55.8 - 57.6 9.4 8.8 - 10.4 57.0 55.9 - 58.9 9.2 8.9 - 10.0 8.9 10.8 13.7 16.0 55 El Salvador 56.8 57.4 53.7 52.3 - 56.5 11.2 10.5 - 12.4 61.2 59.9 - 63.4 13.5 12.6 - 15.1 12.7 11.5 19.1 15.8 56 Equatorial Guinea 43.6 43.8 41.7 35.7 - 48.5 7.7 6.0 - 9.5 45.9 38.9 - 53.9 10.0 7.7 - 12.5 10.6 9.2 20.2 16.7 57 Eritrea 37.5 44.1 42.3 37.5 - 48.4 8.0 5.9 - 10.6 45.9 39.9 - 53.6 10.3 8.0 - 12.9 9.9 9.1 19.0 16.5 58 Estonia 61.9 62.0 58.0 57.4 - 59.0 11.1 10.9 - 11.6 66.1 64.9 - 67.8 15.0 14.7 - 15.6 7.7 10.4 11.7 13.6 59 Ethiopia 38.5 38.8 36.9 30.2 - 43.5 7.0 4.6 - 9.6 40.7 33.8 - 48.0 9.4 7.0 - 11.7 10.0 8.5 21.3 17.2 60 Fiji 58.7 58.8 56.8 55.5 - 59.2 10.0 9.4 - 11.4 60.8 59.2 - 63.3 12.3 11.6 - 13.7 11.0 11.0 16.2 15.3 61 Finland 69.9 70.1 67.7 67.3 - 68.4 15.2 14.9 - 15.6 72.5 72.1 - 73.3 18.1 18 - 18.5 6.8 8.8 9.1 10.8 62 France 71.1 71.3 69.0 68.7 - 69.7 16.1 15.8 - 16.5 73.5 72.9 - 74.3 19.1 18.9 - 19.5 6.6 9.5 8.7 11.4 63 Gabon 49.7 49.9 48.2 43.1 - 54.0 9.1 7.4 - 11.4 51.5 45.7 - 60.0 11.0 9.4 - 13.8 9.8 9.0 16.9 14.9 64 Gambia 47.8 48.0 45.1 43.7 - 47.5 7.8 7.0 - 9.4 51.0 49.4 - 53.2 10.3 9.5 - 11.5 11.1 10.1 19.7 16.5 65 Georgia 59.7 59.8 57.5 56.7 - 58.6 10.3 10 - 10.8 62.2 61.3 - 64.0 12.1 11.8 - 12.8 7.9 10.2 12.1 14.1 66 Germany 70.1 70.2 68.3 67.7 - 69.1 15.0 14.6 - 15.6 72.2 71.7 - 73.5 17.7 17.5 - 18.2 6.8 8.9 9.1 10.9 67 Ghana 47.7 47.8 45.8 40.3 - 52.8 8.4 6.2 - 10.9 49.7 43.0 - 57.3 10.6 8.3 - 13.4 10.0 9.2 17.9 15.6 68 Greece 70.4 70.4 69.0 68.6 - 69.8 15.7 15.4 - 16.2 71.9 71.3 - 73.2 17.1 16.9 - 17.5 6.5 8.9 8.6 11.0 69 Grenada 57.3 57.5 56.0 54.8 - 58.1 10.1 9.5 - 11.0 59.0 57.7 - 61.2 12.1 11.4 - 13.3 9.7 9.7 14.8 14.1 70 Guatemala 54.0 54.3 51.4 49.4 - 54.9 10.4 9.4 - 12.1 57.2 55.6 - 59.8 11.6 11.1 - 12.8 12.2 11.9 19.2 17.2 71 Guinea 42.0 42.4 40.0 33.9 - 46.7 7.3 5.3 - 9.3 44.7 37.9 - 52.6 9.6 7.3 - 12.4 10.1 9.1 20.1 16.9 72 Guinea-Bissau 38.3 38.3 36.1 30.7 - 42.4 6.9 4.2 - 9.6 40.6 34.3 - 47.9 9.4 7.1 - 11.9 9.8 8.2 21.4 16.7 73 Guyana 53.5 54.1 51.6 50.3 - 54.2 9.4 9.0 - 10.2 56.7 55.2 - 59.9 12.1 11.3 - 13.0 9.7 10.0 15.9 14.9 74 Haiti 45.1 42.9 38.5 34.4 - 42.9 8.4 6.6 - 10.3 47.3 40.9 - 53.9 11.2 7.5 - 15.0 7.1 7.4 15.5 13.6 75 Honduras 55.7 55.9 52.1 49.0 - 55.6 9.3 8.0 - 10.7 59.6 55.6 - 64.2 12.6 10.9 - 14.7 12.3 10.7 19.1 15.2 76 Hungary 61.6 61.8 58.0 57.3 - 58.9 10.4 10.0 - 11.1 65.5 64.7 - 67.2 14.4 14.2 - 15.0 9.3 10.5 13.8 13.9 77 Iceland 71.3 71.2 70.5 70.0 - 71.6 16.8 16.5 - 17.6 71.9 71.2 - 73.5 17.6 17.2 - 18.1 7.6 9.4 9.8 11.6 78 India 51.2 51.4 51.5 50.7 - 52.9 9.7 9.1 - 10.5 51.3 50.0 - 53.2 10.2 9.8 - 11.1 8.4 10.4 14.1 16.9 79 Indonesia 56.2 56.7 56.1 55.7 - 57.1 10.6 10.3 - 11.4 57.2 56.3 - 59.2 11.1 10.7 - 11.6 8.3 10.1 12.9 15.1 80 Iran, Islamic Republic of 56.5 56.7 55.5 54.5 - 57.7 9.8 8.8 - 11.3 57.9 55.9 - 60.7 11.4 10.6 - 12.6 10.9 13.2 16.5 18.5 81 Iraq 50.4 50.5 47.7 45.5 - 51.6 8.1 6.9 - 10.4 53.3 51.7 - 56.5 11.0 10.3 - 12.4 11.0 9.6 18.7 15.3 82 Ireland 68.9 69.0 67.6 67.0 - 68.6 13.9 13.6 - 14.6 70.4 69.7 - 71.5 16.1 15.8 - 16.6 6.1 8.9 8.3 11.2 83 Israel 69.4 69.4 68.0 67.2 - 69.3 15.8 15.4 - 16.7 70.8 70.1 - 72.4 16.9 16.4 - 17.8 8.1 10.0 10.6 12.4 84 Italy 70.9 71.0 69.2 68.8 - 70.2 15.5 15.2 - 16.2 72.9 72.4 - 74.0 18.2 18.0 - 18.6 7.0 9.3 9.2 11.3 85 Jamaica 62.9 62.8 61.1 60.1 - 63.3 11.8 11.4 - 12.5 64.5 63.7 - 66.4 13.9 13.3 - 15.2 9.9 10.0 13.9 13.4 86 Japanb 73.5 73.6 71.4 70.8 - 72.3 17.1 16.7 - 17.8 75.8 75.2 - 77.1 20.7 20.2 - 21.6 6.5 8.9 8.3 10.6 87 Jordan 58.5 58.5 57.2 56.5 - 58.8 9.9 9.2 - 10.8 59.9 58.7 - 61.6 11.5 11.0 - 12.4 11.4 13.6 16.7 18.5 88 Kazakhstan 52.1 52.4 49.0 47.6 - 51.3 8.7 8.1 - 10.6 55.8 54.9 - 57.6 10.8 10.1 - 11.8 9.8 11.3 16.7 16.9 89 Kenya 41.4 40.8 39.5 35.1 - 44.5 8.1 6.3 - 10.2 42.1 37.8 - 47.7 10.7 9.1 - 12.8 8.7 7.5 18.1 15.1 90 Kiribati 52.9 53.2 51.1 49.9 - 54.2 8.7 7.9 - 10.3 55.4 54.3 - 58.1 10.8 9.9 - 12.3 10.6 10.5 17.1 15.9 91 Kuwait 65.1 64.9 64.1 63.3 - 65.9 12.2 11.5 - 13.3 65.8 64.7 - 68.2 13.0 12.2 - 14.8 10.8 10.2 14.4 13.4 92 Kyrgyzstan 51.4 51.5 47.7 46.5 - 50.5 6.9 5.5 - 9.4 55.4 53.8 - 57.9 10.4 9.7 - 12.0 12.5 12.8 20.8 18.8 93 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 44.2 44.2 42.4 40.0 - 45.6 7.5 6.9 - 8.8 46.0 44.2 - 48.5 9.8 9.2 - 11.2 11.1 9.6 20.7 17.2 94 Latvia 59.9 60.0 55.2 54.5 - 56.7 10.0 9.6 - 10.4 64.9 63.9 - 66.7 14.4 14.1 - 15.1 10.1 11.1 15.4 14.6 95 Lebanon 59.2 59.4 56.5 55.4 - 58.8 10.0 9.2 - 11.5 62.2 61.4 - 64.2 12.9 12.3 - 14.0 11.1 9.8 16.4 13.6 96 Lesotho 34.9 33.4 33.2 29.3 - 37.6 8.4 6.3 - 11.0 33.6 29.0 - 38.1 10.6 8.3 - 13.4 6.9 6.3 17.2 15.7 97 Liberia 37.0 37.5 35.3 28.7 - 41.5 6.6 5.3 - 8.2 39.6 33.5 - 46.0 9.1 7.3 - 11.2 9.3 8.3 20.9 17.4 98 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 59.3 59.6 56.8 54.1 - 59.7 9.8 8.3 - 11.5 62.4 58.6 - 66.4 12.9 10.4 - 15.3 11.4 10.8 16.7 14.7 99 Lithuania 60.8 61.1 56.9 56.3 - 58.0 11.0 10.7 - 11.5 65.4 64.5 - 67.0 14.8 14.5 - 15.4 10.8 12.6 16.0 16.1 100 Luxembourg 70.3 70.6 68.6 68.2 - 69.4 15.1 14.7 - 15.7 72.7 72.0 - 74.0 18.3 18.0 - 18.9 6.4 9.0 8.5 11.1 101 Madagascar 44.4 44.5 42.2 36.6 - 48.7 7.4 5.7 - 9.4 46.7 39.5 - 55.4 9.8 7.4 - 12.7 11.1 9.7 20.8 17.1 102 Malawi 30.1 29.8 29.0 24.8 - 34.0 7.2 5.4 - 9.1 30.7 25.5 - 36.4 9.5 7.5 - 12.0 6.7 6.3 18.7 17.0 103 Malaysia 60.5 60.4 57.6 56.4 - 59.8 9.2 8.2 - 10.9 63.2 61.9 - 65.1 12.0 11.5 - 13.1 11.7 11.2 16.8 15.1 104 Maldives 51.1 51.9 49.6 47.7 - 53.1 5.7 4.5 - 7.6 54.3 53.3 - 56.5 7.5 6.8 - 8.7 14.3 10.1 22.4 15.6 105 Mali 35.6 35.7 33.7 27.5 - 41.1 6.5 4.8 - 8.4 37.7 29.9 - 45.8 9.2 7.0 - 11.3 10.5 8.5 23.8 18.3 106 Malta 69.2 69.2 67.6 66.9 - 68.6 14.3 13.9 - 15.0 70.9 70.2 - 72.2 16.5 16.2 - 16.9 8.2 9.5 10.9 11.8 107 Marshall Islands 52.3 52.6 50.4 49.1 - 53.3 7.9 7.0 - 9.8 54.7 53.6 - 56.7 10.3 9.6 - 11.9 10.3 9.6 17.0 14.9 Annex Table 4 Healthy life expectancy (HALE) in all Member States, estimates for 2000 and 2001 These figures were produced by WHO using the best available evidence. They are not necessarily the official statistics of Member States

Aner Annex Table 4 Healthy Efe expectancy (HALE) in all Member States, estimates for 2000 and 200 山kk出m 三三 "紀黜盟“∷酃品區〓 ahnd皇d5 215.11st:M412 ":"B:: Q"#:" 黜黜"〓黜出恶 m mh 如“:“"3:m如:"":u" "m出":B鵲: w 黜#黜m黜影酃H:" 数:umm:a"出:.m数 :如":m世 叫胆 Pru Nnwlaiva 如m:"以s 日出盐如出出出出 如 um出数B:田m 如出aHa出 m

200 The World Health Report 2002 Statistical Annex 201 a Healthy life expectancy estimates published here are not directly comparable to those published in The World Health Report 2001, because of improvements in survey methodology and the use of new epidemiological data for some diseases and revisions of life tables for 2000 for many Member States to take new data into account (see Statistical Annex explanatory notes). The figures reported in this Table along with the data collection and estimation methods have been largely developed by WHO and do not necessarily reflect official statistics of Member States. Further development in collaboration with Member States is under way for improved data collection and estimation methods. b Figures not endorsed by Member State as official statistics. Healthy life expectancy (HALE)a Expectation of Percentage (years) lost healthy of total life Total Males Females population 2001 2001 Member State At birth At birth Uncertainty At age 60 Uncertainty At birth Uncertainty At age 60 Uncertainty Males Females Males Females 2000 2001 interval interval interval interval 2001 2001 years at birth (years) expectancy lost Healthy life expectancy (HALE)a Expectation of Percentage (years) lost healthy of total life Total Males Females population 2001 2001 Member State At birth At birth Uncertainty At age 60 Uncertainty At birth Uncertainty At age 60 Uncertainty Males Females Males Females 2000 2001 interval interval interval interval 2001 2001 years at birth (years) expectancy lost 108 Mauritania 41.5 41.6 39.6 32.6 - 48.1 6.9 4.7 - 9.3 43.6 36.6 - 51.6 9.4 7.1 - 11.7 11.4 9.5 22.3 17.9 109 Mauritius 57.2 57.1 56.4 55.1 - 59.0 9.4 8.5 - 10.7 57.7 55.0 - 61.5 11.2 10.0 - 13.5 11.0 17.2 16.4 22.9 110 Mexico 63.8 63.8 62.6 61.6 - 64.4 14.5 13.9 - 15.6 65.0 63.5 - 67.0 14.9 14.4 - 16.0 9.0 11.8 12.6 15.3 111 Micronesia, Federated States of 55.5 55.8 54.0 52.5 - 56.4 9.3 8.6 - 10.7 57.5 56.1 - 59.7 11.2 10.6 - 12.3 10.6 10.3 16.4 15.2 112 Monaco 70.8 71.3 69.0 68.4 - 70.5 16.3 15.8 - 17.5 73.5 72.2 - 76.0 19.4 18.6 - 21.8 7.5 10.5 9.8 12.5 113 Mongolia 53.7 53.9 49.9 48.2 - 52.5 9.7 9.0 - 11.0 58.0 57.1 - 59.9 12.7 11.9 - 14.1 11.4 10.3 18.6 15.0 114 Morocco 55.3 55.4 54.9 54.1 - 56.5 9.2 8.5 - 10.7 55.9 54.8 - 57.7 10.0 9.4 - 11 12.6 15.5 18.7 21.7 115 Mozambique 36.3 36.0 34.4 28.4 - 40.4 6.9 4.1 - 9.4 37.7 31.8 - 43.5 9.5 7.7 - 11.2 9.3 8.3 21.4 18.0 116 Myanmarb 48.9 48.9 46.5 39.8 - 53.5 9.0 7.2 - 11v 51.4 43.8 - 61.1 11.0 8.9 - 13.9 8.2 8.5 15.0 14.3 117 Namibia 41.8 40.4 39.8 34.7 - 45.7 8.7 6.9 - 11.4 41.1 36.8 - 47.3 10.9 8.8 - 14.1 8.6 8.0 17.8 16.2 118 Nauru 52.5 52.7 48.8 46.9 - 53.0 6.8 6.2 - 8.3 56.6 55.0 - 60.1 10.4 9.4 - 12.3 9.9 9.6 16.9 14.5 119 Nepal 48.7 48.9 48.7 47.5 - 50.9 8.9 8.3 - 10.0 49.1 47.6 - 51.7 10.5 9.9 - 11.9 9.9 8.8 16.8 15.2 120 Netherlandsb 69.7 69.9 68.7 68.2 - 69.4 15.0 14.8 - 15.6 71.1 70.7 - 72.1 17.3 17.1 - 17.7 7.1 9.6 9.4 11.9 121 New Zealand 70.1 70.3 69.1 68.5 - 70.2 15.9 15.4 - 16.7 71.5 70.8 - 72.7 17.7 17.3 - 18.4 6.9 9.4 9.1 11.6 122 Nicaragua 57.7 57.8 54.4 53.0 - 58.0 10.7 10.0 - 12.1 61.3 60.1 - 63.5 13.7 13.1 - 15 12.7 10.7 18.9 14.9 123 Niger 33.1 33.2 31.7 25.3 - 39.3 6.1 3.2 - 8.6 34.7 27.0 - 42.5 8.6 6.8 - 10.4 10.2 8.5 24.3 19.6 124 Nigeria 41.9 41.9 40.0 34.6 - 46.2 7.0 5.1 - 9.4 43.8 37.1 - 50.6 9.5 7.9 - 11.5 10.6 8.9 20.9 16.8 125 Niue 59.2 59.1 56.4 54.5 - 59.6 10.0 9.2 - 11.6 61.9 60.5 - 64.1 13.0 12.1 - 14.7 11.3 11.6 16.7 15.8 126 Norway 70.7 70.8 69.3 68.8 - 70.4 15.6 15.3 - 16.4 72.2 71.2 - 73.6 17.9 17.4 - 18.8 6.8 9.3 8.9 11.4 127 Oman 60.4 60.4 59.0 57.0 - 61.2 10.4 8.9 - 12.0 61.7 58.0 - 64.7 12.3 10.8 - 13.9 10.4 12.9 15.0 17.3 128 Pakistan 50.9 50.9 50.4 48.9 - 53.3 9.3 8.6 - 10.3 51.5 50.0 - 53.9 10.8 10.0 - 12.3 10.7 10.0 17.5 16.3 129 Palau 57.4 57.7 55.5 54.6 - 57.5 9.2 8.5 - 10.1 59.9 58.5 - 62.3 11.7 11.0 - 13.0 11.4 10.7 17.1 15.1 130 Panama 63.9 64.1 61.2 59.9 - 63.5 13.6 12.9 - 14.7 66.9 65.7 - 68.8 16.4 15.6 - 17.7 10.8 11.1 15.0 14.2 131 Papua New Guinea 49.6 49.8 47.9 41.9 - 54.7 8.2 6.4 - 10.2 51.8 44.9 - 59.0 10.4 8.4 - 12.9 10.5 9.5 18.0 15.5 132 Paraguay 58.4 58.7 55.4 53.6 - 58.1 9.6 8.8 - 11.3 61.9 60.6 - 63.8 12.9 12.3 - 13.8 12.9 11.0 18.9 15.0 133 Peru 57.1 57.4 54.7 53.6 - 57.0 10.7 9.9 - 12.2 60.1 59.2 - 62.0 13.2 12.5 - 14.5 11.5 10.8 17.4 15.3 134 Philippines 55.2 55.5 51.1 49.8 - 53.7 8.0 7.3 - 9.5 59.8 58.8 - 62.4 11.9 10.9 - 13.7 13.1 11.7 20.3 16.4 135 Poland 64.3 64.3 62.1 61.7 - 62.8 11.9 11.7 - 12.4 66.6 65.6 - 68.0 14.6 14.3 - 15.1 7.8 11.5 11.1 14.7 136 Portugal 66.8 66.8 64.3 63.6 - 65.3 13.4 13.0 - 14.0 69.4 68.6 - 70.7 16.2 15.9 - 16.7 8.5 10.7 11.7 13.4 137 Qatar 61.2 61.2 59.2 57.6 - 61.5 9.4 8.5 - 11.1 63.1 62.0 - 65.1 12.7 12.0 - 13.8 11.5 11.2 16.2 15.1 138 Republic of Korea 67.2 67.4 64.5 63.8 - 65.6 12.9 12.6 - 13.5 70.3 69.6 - 71.8 16.6 16.4 - 17.1 6.7 8.4 9.4 10.6 139 Republic of Moldova 57.3 57.5 54.2 53.1 - 56.6 9.3 8.7 - 10.6 60.8 59.7 - 62.8 11.7 11.1 - 13.0 10.0 10.9 15.6 15.2 140 Romania 61.0 60.9 58.6 57.6 - 60.5 11.1 10.4 - 12.1 63.3 62.2 - 65.3 13.5 12.7 - 14.6 9.2 11.2 13.6 15.1 141 Russian Federation 56.6 56.7 51.5 50.9 - 52.7 8.5 7.4 - 10.3 61.9 61.0 - 63.8 12.7 12.5 - 13.3 7.4 10.4 12.6 14.4 142 Rwanda 34.1 33.8 31.7 27.1 - 36.1 6.7 4.1 - 9.5 36.0 31.1 - 41.3 9.6 7.8 - 11.2 7.3 6.8 18.7 15.9 143 Saint Kitts and Nevis 60.7 60.8 58.8 57.3 - 61.2 11.1 10.6 - 11.8 62.8 61.3 - 64.8 13.5 12.8 - 14.7 10.2 10.0 14.8 13.7 144 Saint Lucia 60.4 60.6 58.9 57.7 - 61.0 11.0 10.5 - 12v 62.4 61.1 - 64.4 13.5 12.8 - 14.8 10.7 10.6 15.3 14.5 145 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 59.8 59.8 57.5 56.1 - 59.7 11.3 10.7 - 12.4 62.2 61.6 - 64.3 14.0 13.4 - 15.3 10.3 10.2 15.1 14.1 146 Samoa 57.8 57.7 56.0 54.6 - 58.0 9.3 8.6 - 10.6 59.5 58.7 - 61.2 11.6 10.9 - 12.8 11.0 10.4 16.5 14.9 147 San Marino 72.1 72.2 70.4 69.7 - 71.7 16.3 15.9 - 17.2 74.0 73.3 - 75.5 19.1 18.6 - 20.2 7.2 9.8 9.3 11.7 148 Sao Tome and Principe 51.2 51.4 48.1 42.5 - 54.6 8.2 6.1 - 10.7 54.7 47.8 - 64.9 10.8 9.2 - 13.6 14.8 10.3 23.5 15.8 149 Saudi Arabia 59.8 60.0 57.4 54.1 - 60.0 10.0 8.1 - 11.8 62.5 58.2 - 66.9 13.0 10.5 - 15.2 10.9 11.0 16.0 15.0 150 Senegal 45.3 45.4 43.1 37.8 - 49.1 7.4 5.5 - 9.2 47.7 40.9 - 54.9 9.8 7.2 - 12.4 11.3 9.5 20.8 16.6 151 Seychelles 59.0 59.1 55.4 53.9 - 57.6 8.6 7.7 - 10.2 62.9 62.0 - 65.3 13.1 12.2 - 14.5 11.3 13.6 17.0 17.8 152 Sierra Leone 25.8 26.5 24.0 17.3 - 30.8 5.5 3.2 - 7.7 29.0 21.8 - 36.2 8.5 6.0 - 10.3 8.6 6.9 26.4 19.3 153 Singapore 68.5 68.7 67.9 67.3 - 69.5 14.5 13.8 - 15.4 69.5 68.3 - 71.4 15.8 15.1 - 17.1 8.6 11.6 11.2 14.3 154 Slovakia 64.1 64.1 61.6 61.1 - 62.3 11.5 11.2 - 12.0 66.6 65.8 - 68.1 14.6 14.3 - 15.0 7.7 10.7 11.1 13.9 155 Slovenia 67.5 67.7 65.1 64.3 - 66.6 13.3 13.1 - 13.9 70.3 69.5 - 72.0 16.6 16.1 - 17.6 7.0 9.2 9.7 11.6 156 Solomon Islands 54.6 54.8 52.6 51.1 - 55.9 8.7 7.6 - 11.2 56.9 55.7 - 60.0 11.0 10.4 - 12.4 12.0 11.5 18.6 16.8 157 Somalia 35.1 35.0 32.5 28.0 - 37.8 6.3 3.8 - 8.8 37.4 31.6 - 44.2 8.8 6.4 - 11.6 8.5 7.9 20.7 17.5 158 South Africa 43.0 41.3 40.0 38.2 - 41.8 8.9 7.6 - 10.1 42.7 39.9 - 45.7 11.4 9.7 - 13.5 7.7 7.6 16.2 15.1 159 Spain 70.7 70.9 68.7 68.0 - 69.7 15.2 14.8 - 16.0 73.0 72.5 - 74.2 18.2 17.9 - 18.7 6.6 9.6 8.8 11.6 160 Sri Lanka 58.3 58.9 55.2 53.7 - 57.8 8.8 8.0 - 10.5 62.6 61.6 - 64.3 12.7 11.8 - 13.9 11.5 11.4 17.2 15.4 161 Sudan 45.9 45.5 42.9 37.3 - 49.0 7.4 5.4 - 9.7 48.1 41.1 - 56.1 9.9 8.1 - 11.9 11.2 9.8 20.7 16.9 162 Suriname 57.2 57.5 54.2 53.1 - 56.4 9.4 8.7 - 10.5 60.7 59.9 - 62.5 12.6 12.1 - 13.7 10.0 10.0 15.6 14.1 163 Swaziland 35.4 33.9 33.8 29.5 - 38.3 9.0 6.9 - 11.3 34.1 29.4 - 38.4 11.0 8.6 - 13.6 6.4 6.1 16.0 15.1 164 Sweden 71.6 71.8 70.5 70.0 - 71.5 16.5 16.1 - 17.2 73.2 72.6 - 74.5 18.5 18.3 - 19.1 7.2 9.1 9.2 11.1 165 Switzerland 72.5 72.8 71.1 70.6 - 72.2 16.9 16.5 - 17.7 74.4 73.7 - 75.6 19.4 19.1 - 19.9 6.2 8.4 8.0 10.2 166 Syrian Arab Republicb 59.0 59.2 58.0 56.9 - 60.3 10.0 8.9 - 11.6 60.5 59.3 - 62.6 11.5 10.5 - 13.0 10.7 12.7 15.6 17.4 167 Tajikistan 49.4 50.1 47.0 44.8 - 51.2 8.4 7.5 - 10.3 53.2 51.3 - 56.8 11.8 10.7 - 14.0 12.8 13.7 21.4 20.5 168 Thailand 58.6 58.6 56.4 55.7 - 58.0 12.0 11.4 - 13.0 60.8 59.5 - 63.2 12.6 12.2 - 13.3 9.3 11.5 14.1 15.9 169 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 62.3 62.2 60.4 59.7 - 61.9 11.4 10.8 - 12.2 63.9 62.9 - 65.5 13.0 12.5 - 14.0 8.5 11.0 12.4 14.7 170 Togo 42.8 42.7 40.6 35.6 - 46.6 7.6 5.3 - 10.4 44.9 39.6 - 50.3 10.2 8.2 - 12.4 9.7 8.2 19.3 15.5 171 Tonga 59.0 58.8 57.1 56.1 - 59.0 10.0 9.2 - 11.3 60.4 59.1 - 62.4 11.9 11.5 - 12.9 11.0 10.5 16.1 14.8 172 Trinidad and Tobago 60.4 60.4 58.9 58.1 - 60.6 11.5 10.9 - 12.4 62.0 60.9 - 64.2 12.8 12.3 - 13.7 8.4 10.6 12.5 14.6 173 Tunisia 61.1 61.3 58.9 57.9 - 60.4 10.8 10.3 - 11.4 63.7 62.8 - 65.5 13.4 12.9 - 14.6 10.1 9.8 14.7 13.3 174 Turkey 59.7 59.8 58.5 57.9 - 59.3 11.2 10.9 - 11.7 61.1 60.2 - 62.7 12.4 12.1 - 12.9 8.5 10.1 12.7 14.2 175 Turkmenistan 50.2 50.3 46.7 45.3 - 49.6 6.8 5.9 - 8.6 53.8 52.3 - 56.2 9.7 9.0 - 11.1 12.1 12.7 20.6 19.1 176 Tuvalu 53.9 53.9 52.0 51.1 - 54.2 8.8 8.3 - 10.0 55.7 54.5 - 58.0 11.0 10.2 - 12.8 9.9 9.7 16.0 14.8 177 Uganda 37.5 38.0 36.2 33.3 - 39.6 6.9 5.5 - 8.3 39.8 35.2 - 44.8 9.4 6.3 - 12.8 9.0 7.9 20.0 16.6 178 Ukraine 57.5 57.4 52.9 52.4 - 53.8 8.8 8.4 - 9.3 61.8 60.9 - 63.8 12.2 12.0 - 12.6 9.3 11.5 14.9 15.6 179 United Arab Emirates 62.4 62.5 61.7 61.0 - 63.1 10.6 10.0 - 11.6 63.3 62.2 - 65.2 12.3 11.9 - 13.2 9.0 11.5 12.8 15.4 180 United Kingdomb 69.2 69.6 68.4 68.0 - 69.4 15.0 14.7 - 15.6 70.9 70.1 - 72.4 16.9 16.5 - 17.4 6.6 9.0 8.8 11.3 181 United Republic of Tanzania 37.8 37.8 36.3 34.5 - 39.3 6.8 5.9 - 8.8 39.3 38.3 - 41.3 9.5 8.7 - 11.0 9.5 7.9 20.7 16.8 182 United States of Americab 67.4 67.6 66.4 65.8 - 67.5 14.9 14.5 - 15.7 68.8 67.9 - 70.2 16.6 16.2 - 17.3 8.0 10.7 10.8 13.5 183 Uruguay 64.7 64.7 61.2 60.3 - 63.4 12.3 12.0 - 13.2 68.3 67.2 - 70.2 16.8 16.2 - 18.2 9.7 10.9 13.7 13.7 184 Uzbekistan 53.4 53.5 50.9 49.3 - 54.6 8.2 6.9 - 10.2 56.1 54.8 - 59.3 10.8 9.9 - 12.4 11.7 12.4 18.7 18.2 185 Vanuatu 54.6 54.9 53.4 48.0 - 59.9 8.9 6.9 - 11.6 56.3 49.1 - 63.4 10.8 8.7 - 13.4 11.0 10.8 17.1 16.1 186 Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 60.9 61.1 57.1 55.5 - 59.9 11.6 10.3 - 13.4 65.0 63.7 - 67.5 15.0 14.5 - 15.9 13.7 11.5 19.3 15.0 187 Viet Nam 58.5 58.6 55.9 54.5 - 58.2 9.9 9.2 - 10.9 61.4 60.5 - 63.6 12.5 11.6 - 14.0 11.0 10.4 16.5 14.5 188 Yemen 47.9 48.4 45.5 39.8 - 52.4 7.0 4.6 - 9.4 51.2 44.1 - 58.9 10.4 8.3 - 12.7 12.9 10.2 22.0 16.6 189 Yugoslavia 62.0 62.1 60.7 60.1 - 62.0 11.0 10.5 - 11.7 63.6 62.6 - 65.4 12.8 12.1 - 13.9 9.0 11.2 13.0 15.0 190 Zambia 31.1 30.9 30.5 26.7 - 34.3 7.5 5.9 - 9.3 31.4 27.8 - 35.3 10.0 7.7 - 12.3 6.2 5.6 17.0 15.2 191 Zimbabwe 32.0 31.3 31.6 29.8 - 33.3 8.6 7.2 - 10.0 31.0 28.3 - 33.7 10.7 8.8 - 12.6 5.6 5.5 15.0 15.0 Annex Table 4 Healthy life expectancy (HALE) in all Member States, estimates for 2000 and 2001 These figures were produced by WHO using the best available evidence. They are not necessarily the official statistics of Member States