《卫生经济学》课程参考文献（WHO年度报告）：World Health Report 2002_Reducing Risk Promoting Healthy Life_annex11

Annex Table 11 Attributable mortality by risk factor, sex 地a迪 地理“理”2iaa0 nwa00

226 The World Health Report 2002 Statistical Annex 227 Childhood and maternal undernutrition Underweight 1900 1848 3748 438 402 487 441 0 0 14 11 14 11 8 8 223 229 0 0 9 8 0 0 40 29 573 614 0 0 95 94 Iron deficiency 375 466 841 59 67 65 80 2 3 13 13 3 4 3 4 36 44 2 3 3 3 2 2 15 19 139 185 0 0 34 39 Vitamin A deficiency 333 445 778 90 112 120 151 0 0 2 3 2 2 0 0 34 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 13 68 101 0 0 7 9 Zinc deficiency 400 389 789 74 68 128 116 0 0 3 2 5 4 2 2 44 45 0 0 2 2 0 0 5 4 132 141 0 0 6 6 Other diet-related risks and physical inactivity Blood pressure 3491 3649 7141 87 128 79 116 179 191 170 162 20 20 76 57 164 171 325 354 281 289 514 671 133 139 668 519 85 76 711 758 Cholesterol 2112 2303 4415 34 52 36 53 161 189 88 79 10 9 51 31 114 101 265 282 144 136 387 518 72 40 488 507 39 39 222 265 Overweight 1168 1423 2591 14 19 21 35 135 137 117 144 15 18 36 28 58 67 183 197 117 141 202 265 44 58 42 110 21 20 163 184 Low fruit and vegetable intake 1449 1277 2726 21 31 33 41 92 79 81 58 7 7 27 15 51 48 95 75 80 67 234 247 55 48 378 311 26 19 269 232 Physical inactivity 961 961 1922 20 25 21 27 74 81 52 55 6 6 21 13 47 43 103 103 64 62 147 175 34 34 218 185 23 19 132 134 Sexual and reproductive health risks Unsafe sex 1370 1516 2886 198 234 805 923 8 8 22 27 17 11 0 4 33 39 3 9 1 8 3 13 30 25 231 177 0 3 18 36 Lack of contraception … 149 149 … 16 … 33 … 0 … 5 … 4 … 1 … 23 … 0 … 0 … 0 … 7 … 56 … 0 … 3 Addictive substances Tobacco 3893 1014 4907 43 7 84 26 352 294 163 58 5 1 43 10 114 19 531 145 255 53 548 73 181 12 785 132 128 49 661 137 Alcohol 1638 166 1804 53 15 125 30 27 -22 207 39 22 6 6 1 8 1 65 -85 100 25 338 88 51 9 148 21 23 -28 465 66 Illicit drugs 163 41 204 5 1 1 0 10 7 7 4 1 0 5 1 18 4 11 6 3 1 18 5 13 1 40 8 2 1 28 2 Environmental risks Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene 895 835 1730 129 103 207 169 0 1 16 15 13 10 9 9 117 135 0 1 8 7 1 1 25 21 326 327 0 0 42 35 Urban air pollution 411 388 799 11 11 5 5 14 14 16 14 3 2 5 3 28 23 12 11 20 18 22 24 17 15 72 60 10 8 176 179 Indoor smoke from solid fuels 658 961 1619 93 80 118 101 0 0 7 9 5 5 1 1 56 60 0 0 8 9 1 3 15 22 218 304 0 0 137 366 Lead exposure 155 79 234 5 4 4 3 2 1 14 7 2 1 5 2 12 6 4 2 15 8 26 13 6 3 38 19 0 0 21 10 Climate change 76 78 154 9 9 18 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 35 38 0 0 2 1 Occupational risks Risk factors for injury 291 19 310 14 1 18 1 3 0 17 1 2 0 8 0 27 2 4 0 5 0 15 1 19 1 79 5 2 0 78 5 Carcinogens 118 28 146 1 0 1 1 9 3 5 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 16 3 8 1 16 3 4 1 14 2 4 1 34 12 Airborne particulates 217 26 243 3 0 3 0 10 3 10 1 0 0 1 0 4 0 13 3 6 0 12 1 8 0 29 2 2 0 115 15 Ergonomic stressors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 Noise 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 Other selected risks to health Unsafe health care injections 317 184 501 10 7 27 23 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 24 20 0 0 1 0 6 4 19 9 92 62 0 0 137 58 Childhood sexual abuse 38 41 79 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 0 16 18 1 1 10 14 Annex Table 11 Attributable mortality by risk factor, sex and mortality stratum in WHO Regions,a 2000b WORLD AFRICA THE AMERICAS EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE SOUTH-EAST ASIA WESTERN PACIFIC Mortality stratum Mortality stratum Mortality stratum Mortality stratum Mortality stratum Mortality stratum High child, High child, Very low child, Low child, High child, Low child, High child, Very low child, Low child, Low child, Low child, High child, Very low child, Low child, high adult very high adult very low adult low adult high adult low adult high adult very low adult low adult high adult low adult high adult very low adult low adult Males Females Total Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) (000) a See the List of Member States by WHO Region and mortality stratum. b The combined effects of any group of risk factors in this table will often be less than the sum of their separate effects. … Data not available or not applicable