《美国政府与政治》（英文版） Chapter 5 Civil rights

Chapter 5 Civil rights

Chapter 5 Civil Rights

Civil rights all rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendments'guarantee of equal protection under the law o what the government must do to ensure equal protection o what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination

Civil Rights • all rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendments’ guarantee of equal protection under the law • what the government must do to ensure equal protection • what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination

African-Americans and the Consequences of Slavery In apportioning congressional representation based on population, the constitution refers to free persons and"other persons"(or slaves) e For purposes of representation, a slave was equal to 3/5 of a free person Supreme court confirms constitutionality of slavery in Dred Scott v. Sanford ( 1847)

African-Americans and the Consequences of Slavery • In apportioning congressional representation based on population, the constitution refers to free persons and “other persons” (or slaves) • For purposes of representation, a slave was equal to 3/5 of a free person • Supreme Court confirms constitutionality of slavery in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1847)

The Civil War amendments Thirteenth Amendment(1865)-neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist in the United States Fourteenth Amendment(1868 )-all persons born or naturalized in the united state are citizens states cannot abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens all persons(whether or not they are citizens )are entitled to due process all persons are entitled to equal protection e Fifteenth Amendment(1870)-the right to vote shall not be denied because of race, color or previous condition of servitude

The Civil War Amendments • Thirteenth Amendment (1865) – neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist in the United States’ • Fourteenth Amendment (1868) – all persons born or naturalized in the United State are citizens – states cannot abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens – all persons (whether or not they are citizens) are entitled to due process – all persons are entitled to equal protection • Fifteenth Amendment (1870) – the right to vote shall not be denied because of race, color or previous condition of servitude

Key points of the civil rights Acts of 1 865 to 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 extended citizenship to anyone born in the United States gave African Americans full equality before the law authorized the president to enforce the act through use of force The enforcement act of 1870 set out specific penalties for interfering with the right to vote

Key Points of the Civil Rights Acts of 1865 to 1875 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 • extended citizenship to anyone born in the United States • gave African Americans full equality before the law • authorized the president to enforce the act through use of force The Enforcement Act of 1870 • set out specific penalties for interfering with the right to vote

Key points of the civil rights Acts of 1865 to 1875(cont The Anti-Ku Klux Klan Act(1872) made it a federal crime to deprive an individual of his or her rights The Second civil rights Act(1875) everyone is entitled to equal enjoyment of public accommodation and places of public amusement o imposed penalties for violators

Key Points of the Civil Rights Acts of 1865 to 1875 (cont.) The Anti-Ku Klux Klan Act (1872) • made it a federal crime to deprive an individual of his or her rights The Second Civil Rights Act (1875) • everyone is entitled to equal enjoyment of public accommodation and places of public amusement • imposed penalties for violators

The Civil Rights Act were nullified through The Civil Rights Cases(1883) the Supreme Court rules that the 14 th amendment only prevents official discriminatory acts by states, not b private individuals Plessy v. Ferguson( 1896) stated that segregation did not violate the 14th amendment established the separate-but-equal doctrine paved the way constitutionally for a system of racial segregation developed especially in the South

The Civil Rights Act were nullified through: • The Civil Rights Cases (1883) – the Supreme Court rules that the 14th amendment only prevents official discriminatory acts by states, not by private individuals • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – stated that segregation did not violate the 14th amendment – established the separate-but-equal doctrine – paved the way constitutionally for a system of racial segregation developed, especially in the South

Barriers to voting by african Americans o the white primary -a state primary election in which only whites may vote allowed because Southern politicians claimed political parties were private entities was outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944 (Smith v. Allwright o grandfather clause -restricting voting to individuals who could prove that their grandfathers had voter prior to 1867 was used to exempt whites from poll taxes was used to exempt whites from literacy tests

Barriers to voting by African Americans: • the white primary – a state primary election in which only whites may vote – allowed because Southern politicians claimed political parties were private entities – was outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944 (Smith v. Allwright) • grandfather clause – restricting voting to individuals who could prove that their grandfathers had voter prior to 1867 – was used to exempt whites from poll taxes – was used to exempt whites from literacy tests

The end of the Separate but Equal" Doctrine Brown v. Board of education of Topeka(1954) Supreme Court rules public school segregation violates the 14th amendment overturns Plessy v. ferguson Brown v Board of education( 1955)-orders desegregation with all deliberate speed Court -ordered busing -transporting African American children to white schools and white children to african american schools

The End of the “Separate But Equal” Doctrine • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) – Supreme Court rules public school segregation violates the 14th amendment – overturns Plessy v. Ferguson • Brown v. Board of Education (1955) – orders desegregation “with all deliberate speed” • Court –ordered busing – transporting African American children to white schools and white children to African American schools

Barriers to voting by african Americans(cont) poll taxes-required the payment of a fee to vote intended to disenfranchise poor African americans was outlawed in national elections by the 24 amendment was outlawed in all elections by the Supreme Court in 1966 o literacy tests- required potential voters to read, recite or interpret complicated texts ntended to disenfranchise african americans

Barriers to voting by African Americans (cont.): • poll taxes – required the payment of a fee to vote – intended to disenfranchise poor African Americans – was outlawed in national elections by the 24th amendment – was outlawed in all elections by the Supreme Court in 1966 • literacy tests -- required potential voters to read, recite or interpret complicated texts – intended to disenfranchise African Americans