《美国政府与政治》（英文版） Chapter 11 The Bureaucracy

Chapter 11 he bureaucracy

Chapter 11 The Bureaucracy

The Nature of Bureaucracy a large organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions private bureaucracies exist within organizations like corporations has a single set of leaders public bureaucracies exist within organizations like governments typically have multiple sets of leaders( Congress President, etc.) serve citizen instead of stockholders

The Nature of Bureaucracy a large organization that is structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions private bureaucracies exist within organizations like corporations • has a single set of leaders public bureaucracies exist within organizations like governments • typically have multiple sets of leaders (Congress, President, etc.) • serve citizen instead of stockholders

FIGURE 11-1 Government Employment at the Federal State, and Local levels There are more local government employees than federal and state employees combined Federal State 12.7 13 Local 12 三E5 009oEuE 76543210 197519801985199019952002 Year

Models of Bureaucracy Weberian Model- views bureaucracies as rational hierarchical organizations in which power flows from the top downward and decisions are based on logical reasoning Acquisitions Model -view top-level bureaucrats as constantly seeking to expand budgets and staff so as to maximize their own power Monopolistic Model -compares bureaucracies to monopolistic businesses (inefficient costly operation)

Models of Bureaucracy • Weberian Model – views bureaucracies as rational, hierarchical organizations in which power flows from the top downward and decisions are based on logical reasoning • Acquisitions Model – view top-level bureaucrats as constantly seeking to expand budgets and staff so as to maximize their own power • Monopolistic Model – compares bureaucracies to monopolistic businesses (inefficient & costly operation)

FIGURE 11-2 Organization Chart of the Federal Government THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES THE CONSTITUTION LEGILATIVE BRANCH EXECUTIVE BRANCH JUDICIAL BRANCH THE CONGRESS THE PRESIDENT he SupReme Cou M of the SENATE HOUSE THE VICE PRESIDENT Executive Oflice of the President United States Batanic GardnWhte Office General Accounting ot Govmment Printing Ctice ci c Economia Adnsen Contrcl Poicy Courci cn ErmitcnmentaCfieo science and Offce af the U S. Track Demestic Pclicy Cout uruaastast ensnare 改H8群姗‖x” DEPARTMEH AND HUMAN SERVCE DEPARTHENT OF DEPARTMENT CF DEPARTHENT OF DEPAATMENTCF [EPARTHENTCF CE PARTEI EINTERNR TRAHSACATATIN INDEPE HDENT ESTABLHME NTS AND GOVERNMEHT CORPORATONS can wcfR知ka Benarat cun g mann F ccre Narna Fooc F s ErrETH talma toy u Grouts und -otro cee d scouceura mr us erusea man ChiAuTLa 们m起 chive and Foon AtrtreTum CA U: Fou Saree Bowral Ebchrn Demn 哈山或璃 roa Fatrdatsn co tm At atu tu Fucrallitar Falt Autctty Sounde Unitar SalEs Gouemimenz Maad, 2003-2004 Washington, D. C: U.S. Gowemanent Printing Otlice. 2003)

TABLE 11-2 Executive Departments DEPARTMENT AND YEAR ESTAFLISHED PRINCIPAL FUNCTINS SELECTED SURAGENCIES State(1789) Negotiates treaties, develops foreign policy: Passport Agency: Bureau of Diplomatic Security; (31,916 employees) protects citizens abroad Foreign Service: Bureau cf Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs: Bureau of Consular Affairs. Treasury (1789) Pays all federal bills; borrows money: collects Intemal Revenue Service: U.SMint. (131, 872 employees) federal taes mints coins and prints paper currency: supervises nat ional banks (71, 005 employees) supervises Nat ive American affairs Parks: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Natical Park Service Interior(1849) Supervises federally owned lands and p Bureau of Indian Affairs: Bureau of Land Management. Justice(1870) Fumishes legal advice to the president: Federal Bureau of Investigat ico: Drug Enforcement (101, 392 employees) enforces federal criminal laws; supervises the Administration: Bureau of Prisons federal prisons Agriculture(1889) Provides assistance to fanners and ranchers: Soil Conservat ion Ser ice; Agricultural Research (98, 879 employees) conducts agricultural research: works to Service: Food Safety and Inspection Service: Federal protect torests Crap Insurance Corporation. Commerce(1913) Grants patents and trademarks: conducts a Bureau of the Census: Bureau of Economic analysis (37, 087 employees) nat ional census; monitors the weather, Patent and Trademark Ottice: National Oceanic and protects the interests of businesses Atmospheric Administration Labor (1913) Administers federal labor laws; promotes the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (16, 144 employees) interests of workers. Bureau of Labor Statistics; Employ ment Standards Administration: Employment and Training Administration Defense(1947) Manages the armed forces(army, navy, air National Security Ageny: Joint Chiefs of Staft (684, 446 employees) force, and marines): operates military bases: Departments of the Air Force, Navy, Army: Defense is responsible for civil dfense Advanced Research Projects Agency: Defense Intelligence Agency: the service academ ies Formed fron the Office of the Attormey General (created in 1789) Formed fron the department of Commerce and labor(created in 1903) Formed frcan the Department of War(created in 1789) and the Department of Navy (areated in 1798)

4-6 INSERT ACETATE B-4 (Selected Independent Executive Agencies) HErE

14-6 INSERT ACETATE B-4 (Selected Independent Executive Agencies) HERE

TABLE 11-2 Executive Departments-Continued DETARTMENT AND YEAR ESTABLISHED PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS SELECTED SUEAGENCIES Housing and Urban Deals with the maticn's hausing needs: Government Naticl Mortgage Asscciat ion: Oftice Development(1965) develops and rehabilitates urban communities; of Community Planning and Development; Ofice ct (10,643 employees) oerseas resale cf mortgages Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Transportation(1967)Finances improvements in mass transit Federal Aviation Administrat ion: Federal Highway 58, 819 employees) develops and administers programs for Administration: National Highway Trattic Safety highways, railroas, and aviation. Administration: Federal Transit Administration Enerry(1977) Promotes the conservation of energy and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission: Natical (15,789 employees) resoures; analyzes energy data; conducts NuKlear Security Administration research and development Health and Human Promotes public health; enforces pure food Food and Drug Administration: Public Health Service Services(1979)5 and drug laws; conduCts and sponsors Centers for Disease Control: National Institutes of (67, 091 emploees) health-related research. Health: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Education(1979)5 Coordinates federal programs and policies for Office of Special Eduation and Rehabilitation (4, 592 employees) education: administers aid to eduation Service: Oftice of Elementary and Secondary Education promotes educational research. Oftice of postsecondary Edation; Cftice cf Federal Student Aid Veterans Affairs Promotes the welfare cf veterans of the U.s. Veterans Health Administration: Veterans Benetits armed forces. Administration: Naticrmal Cemetery Systems (225, 159 employees Homeland Security Attempts to prevent terrorist attacks within U.S Qistoms Service: U.S. Coast Guard: Secret (2002) the United States, control Americas borders, Service: Federal Emergeney Management Ageney: (151,813 employees)and minimize the damage from natural Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services disa 'Craned from the Department cf Health, Education, and Welfare icreated in 1953) Enployment figures as of March 2003

TABLE- Selected Independent Regulatory Agencies NAME DATE FORMED PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS ral Reserve System Board of 1913 Determines policy with respect to interest rates, credit availability rno ors (Fed) and the money supply (1, 650 employees) Federal Trade Commission(FTC) 1914 Prevents businesses from engaging in unfair trade practices stops (1, 007 employees) the formation of monopolies in the business sector, protects consumer rights Securities and exchange 1934 Regulates the nations stock exchanges in which shares of stocks Commission (SEC) are bought and sold: requires full disclosure of the financial pro 2,946 employees) files of companies that wish to sell stocks and bonds to the public Federal Communications 1934 Regulates all communications by telegraph, cable, telephone, radio Commission(FCC) and television (1, 946 employees) National Labor Relations Board (NLRB 1935 Protects employees rights to join unions and bargain collectively (2,000 employees) with employers; attempts to prevent unfair labor practices by both employers and unions Equal Employment Opportunity 1964 Works to eliminate discrimination based on religion, gender, race. Commission (EEOC) color, national origin, age, or disability: examines claims of (2,746 employees) discrimination Federal Election Commission(FEC) 1974 Ensures that candidates and states follow the rules established by (347 employees the Federal Election Campaign Act Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 1974 Ensures that electricity-generating nuclear reactors in the United (2, 763 employees tates are built and operated safely regularly inspects the operations of such reactors

TABLE 14-5 Selected Government Corporations NA AME DATE FORMED PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933 Operates a Tennessee River control system and generates power (13, 488 employees, for a seven-state reglon and for the U.S. aeronautics and space programs: promotes the economic development of the Tennessee Valley reglon: controls floods and promotes the navigability of the Tennessee river Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1933 sures individuals bank deposits up to $100,000: oversees the (FDIC) business activities of banks (6, 532 employees) Export-Import Bank of the United States 1933 Promotes the sale of American-made goods abroad: grants loans (Ex-Im Bank) to foreign purchasers of American products (426 employees) National Railroad Passenger Corporation 1970 Provides a balanced national and intercity rall passenger service (AMTRAK) network. controls 23, 000 miles of track with 505 stations (24,000 employees U.S. Postal Service 1970 Delivers mail throughout the United States and its territories: is the (856, 550 employees) largest government corporation Formed from the Offce of the Postmaster General In the Department of the Treasury(created In 1789)