上海交通大学：《材料组织结构表征》课程教学资源（课件讲义）12. 光学显微镜-光学基础2

上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY 1896 1920 1987 2006 材料组织结构的表征 SHANGH 赵冰冰 材料科学与工程学院 A2019年 G

1896 1920 1987 2006 材料组织结构的表征 赵冰冰 材料科学与工程学院 2019年

光的可视性 ·人眼可以觉察可见光的强度和颜色的差异， 看不到它的相位和偏振态的差异。 Reference wave 颜色 强度 Amplitude Reduced object amplitude Phase Retarded object phase Left Handed Circuarty Polarized Light 相位 Linearty Polarized Light Unpolarized Light 偏振态 Quarter Wave Plate http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizer Linear Polariz 材料科学与工程学院 2 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 光的可视性 • 人眼可以觉察可见光的强度和颜色的差异， 看不到它的相位和偏振态的差异。 2 强度 相位 偏振态 颜色

© 人眼的分辨率 μ=133 Object μi1 Image 4=1.38 Iris is a variable μ=1.38-1.41 aperture that adjusts intensity of Optic nerve detects signal light allowed in. projected onto retina by curved lens. ~0.2 mm 25 cm distance 材料科学与工程学院 3 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 人眼的分辨率 3 ~0.2 mm @ 25 cm distance

复式显微镜 显微镜放大倍率=物镜放大倍率x目镜放大倍率 Magnification in Compound Microscope (transmission illumination) Final image projected Condenser Objective onto a aperture aperture screen or Object Projector film (specimen) lens Objective lens First Final image image B Light Source Condenser lens 2 vl M-MM;-(v-f)(v2-5) v2 ff Total mag.is product of mags.for each lens. 材料科学与工程学院 4 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 复式显微镜 4 显微镜放大倍率=物镜放大倍率x目镜放大倍率

透镜的分辨率极限 0.612λ R0二 M nsina Ro 0.612λ △r0= M nsing nsina: 数值孔径 (numerical aperture,NA) Visible Light:~6000 A X-rays: λ~0.5-2.5A 6 Electrons: λ~0.05A 材料科学与工程学院 5 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 透镜的分辨率极限 5  R0 = 0.612𝜆 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛α 𝑀 Δr0 = R0 𝑀 = 0.612𝜆 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛α nsin: 数值孔径 (numerical aperture, NA)

⑧ 有效放大倍率 Resolution of naked eye Effective magnification= Resolution of microscope Effective magnification (Mn: resolution of eye 0.2mm ≈1333× max.resolution of LOM 0.00015mm M's >Mr make the image bigger,but do not provide any additional details.This is termed "empty magnification. 材料科学与工程学院 6 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 有效放大倍率 6

@ Empty magnification Every magnification value that does not increase the amount of information already contained in an image obtained at some lower magnification,regardless of the amount of trouble that has to be expanded in the act of perceiving.-Van Dujin 材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering Empty magnification • Every magnification value that does not increase the amount of information already contained in an image obtained at some lower magnification, regardless of the amount of trouble that has to be expanded in the act of perceiving. ——Van Dujin 7

从透镜到显微镜 A Some Types of Optical Microscopes 1.Simple optical microscope->One lens;25x;10 um resolution 2.Stereoscopic microscope →Two lens trains;6-8x 3.Compound optical microscope - Objective eyepiece condenser lenses;1300x;1 um resolution. 2 3 材料科学与工程学院 8 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 从透镜到显微镜 8

图 显微镜系统 物镜 Reflected Light Binocular Lamp House Head Aperture ·光学系统 Diaphragm Field Collector Eyepieces Diaphragm Lens 照明系统 Vertical llluminator Filter Slider ·记录系统 Objective. Internal Mechanical Circuit 载物台 Board Stage Condenser ·控制系统 Base Field Diaphragm Filters Transmitted Light Lamp House 材料科学与工程学院 9 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 显微镜系统 • 物镜 • 光学系统 • 照明系统 • 记录系统 • 载物台 • 控制系统 9

显微镜的镜头/物镜 Image formation in a reflected light microscope lllumination Similar to transmission source optical microscope. Different arrangement of components Condenser aperture and lens Half-silvered (dichromatic) mirror B Object 放大倍数 Final (specimen) First 数值孔径 Image Image Objective 分辨率 aperture and lens Depth of field 像差校正 物镜 物镜类型 材科科学与工程学院 10 School of Materials Science and Engineering

材料科学与工程学院 School of Materials Science and Engineering 显微镜的镜头/物镜 10 • 放大倍数 • 数值孔径 • 分辨率 • Depth of field • 像差校正 物镜 • 物镜类型