复旦大学：《国外马克思主义 Western Marxism》课程教学资源（讲义）Lecture Three Georg Lukacs and the Dialectic of Totality

ecture Three Georg Lukacs and the Dialectic of Totality (Western Marxism, Spring, 2012) One german Idealism and hegel's dialectic l, About the modern rationalist philosophy A, modern philosophy as the rationalist philosophy the situation is quite different when rationalism claims to be the universal method by which to obtain knowledge of the whole existence. In that event, the necessary correlation with the principle of irrationality becomes crucial: it erodes and dissolves the whole system. This is the case with modern bourgeois rationalism"(p114) B, the three moments of the modern rationalist philosophy Early modern rational ist philosophy: dogmatism Critical philosophy: the problem of methodology( to meet the challenge of irrationality) The philosophy of positivism: giving up any efforts to solve this problem of irrationality 2. the social condition for German Idealism A, the reality: the man-made" second nature The self-sufficient and self-closed system of capital and commodities(humans being destroyed) The irrationality of capitalism B: The problem for the bourgeois thought( Critical philosophy) How could humans be resurrected as the free subjects again? How could we really solve the problem of the irrational content, which is lying at the root of our life in the bourgeois society?) 3. the development from kant to Hegel A, the problem of content and totality("thing-in-itself) The relationship between form and content Quotation: about praxis as the way to solve the problem of totality p123 B, Hegels dialectic: the dialectic of matter and the dialectic of totality Quotation: about his dialectic of matter(logic of concrete concepts)p142 Quotation: the true were understood not only as substance, but also as subject" p142 C. dialectic as the true historical method 14 Quotation: about history as the substance p143 About the coincidence of history and genesis About the dialectic of totality pl45 4, The Antinomies of the Bourgeois Thought the antinomies lying at the root of the bourgeois society: humanity being destroyed in society the antinomies of the bourgeois thought: within the bourgeois society, to solve this problem only in philosophy

1 Lecture Three Georg Lukacs and the Dialectic of Totality (Western Marxism, Spring, 2012 ) One, German Idealism and Hegel’s Dialectic 1, About the modern rationalist philosophy A, modern philosophy as the rationalist philosophy “the situation is quite different when rationalism claims to be the universal method by which to obtain knowledge of the whole existence. In that event, the necessary correlation with the principle of irrationality becomes crucial: it erodes and dissolves the whole system. This is the case with modern bourgeois rationalism” (p114) B, the three moments of the modern rationalist philosophy Early modern rationalist philosophy: dogmatism; Critical philosophy: the problem of methodology (to meet the challenge of irrationality) The philosophy of positivism: giving up any efforts to solve this problem of irrationality 2, the social condition for German Idealism A, the reality: the man-made “second nature” The self-sufficient and self-closed system of capital and commodities (humans being destroyed) The irrationality of capitalism B: The problem for the bourgeois thought (Critical philosophy): How could humans be resurrected as the free subjects again? (How could we really solve the problem of the irrational content, which is lying at the root of our life in the bourgeois society?) 3, the development from Kant to Hegel A, the problem of content and totality (“thing-in-itself”) The relationship between form and content Quotation: about “thing-in-itself” p115 Quotation: about praxis as the way to solve the problem of totality p123 B, Hegel’s dialectic: the dialectic of matter and the dialectic of totality Quotation: about his dialectic of matter (logic of concrete concepts)p142 Quotation: “the true were understood not only as substance, but also as subject” p142 C, dialectic as the true historical method 143 Quotation: about history as the substance p143 About the coincidence of history and genesis p143 About the dialectic of totality p145 4, The Antinomies of the Bourgeois Thought the antinomies lying at the root of the bourgeois society: humanity being destroyed in society the antinomies of the bourgeois thought: within the bourgeois society, to solve this problem only in philosophy

Still locked in the structure of reified consciousness: Hegels philosophy: mythology (quotation: about the subject of history)p146 Classical philosophy: the philosophy of contemplation Two, the Consciousness of the Proletariat and the dialectic of Totality 1, dialectic and revolution: Marxism marxist dialectic the dialectic of totality revolution to revive Marxism to revive Hegel's dialectic of totality For anyone wish ing to return to the revolutionary trad itions of Marxism the revival of Hegelian trad itions was obligatory. History and Class Consciousness represents what was perhaps the most radical attempt to restore the revolutionary nature of Marxist theories by renovating and extend ing Hegels dialectics and method. (the new preface written in 1967) 2. mediation and dialectic A, categories of mediation: from the merely immediate reality to the authentically objective reality p150 the objective reality of soc ial existence is in its immediacy the same for both mediation by means of which both classes raise this immediacy to the level of consciousness, by means of which the merely immed iate real ity becomes for both the authentically objective real ity, from being fundamentally d ifferent, thanks to the different position occupied by the two classes within the economic I B, genesis: the forms of media tion(the structural principles, real tendencies of the objects themselves) p155" To go beyond this immediacy can only mean the genesis, the creation'of the object. But this assumes that the forms of med iation in and through which it becomes ejects as they are shown to be the structural principles and the real tendencies of objects themselves C, mediation: the totality of history(the unity of subject and object, the unity of essence and necessity) p156 Hegel: the mediating factor would have to be something in which both sides were one, in which consc iousness would discern each aspect in the next, its purpose and activity in its fate, its fate in its purpose and activity, its own essence in its own 3, the consciousness of the proletariat (from consciousness to self-consciousness) A, the immediate reality: the workers. the pure object of history; the tension between soul(qualitative content )and form(the

2 Still locked in the structure of reified consciousness: Hegel’s philosophy: mythology (quotation: about the subject of history)p146 Classical philosophy: the philosophy of contemplation Two, the Consciousness of the Proletariat and the Dialectic of Totality 1, dialectic and revolution: Marxism = Marxist dialectic = the dialectic of totality = revolution to revive Marxism = to revive Hegel’s dialectic of totality “For anyone wishing to return to the revolutionary traditions of Marxism the revival of Hegelian traditions was obligatory. History and Class Consciousness represents what was perhaps the most radical attempt to restore the revolutionary nature of Marxist theories by renovating and extending Hegel’s dialectics and method.” (the new preface written in 1967) 2, mediation and dialectic A, categories of mediation: from the merely immediate reality to the authentically objective reality p150“the objective reality of social existence is in its immediacy ‘the same’ for both proletariat and bourgeois. But this does not prevent the specific categories of mediation by means of which both classes raise this immediacy to the level of consciousness, by means of which the merely immediate reality becomes for both the authentically objective reality, from being fundamentally different, thanks to the different position occupied by the two classes within the ‘same’ economic process.” B, genesis: the forms of mediation(the structural principles, real tendencies of the objects themselves) p155 “ To go beyond this immediacy can only mean the genesis, the ‘creation’ of the object. But this assumes that the forms of mediation in and through which it becomes possible to go beyond the immediate existence of objects as they are given, can be shown to be the structural principles and the real tendencies of the objects themselves. ” C, mediation: the totality of history (the unity of subject and object, the unity of essence and necessity) p156 Hegel: “the mediating factor would have to be something in which both sides were one, in which consciousness would discern each aspect in the next, its purpose and activity in its fate, its fate in its purpose and activity, its own essence in its own necessity.” 3, the consciousness of the proletariat (from consciousness to self-consciousness) A, the immediate reality: the workers: the pure object of history; the tension between soul (qualitative content) and form (the

quantitative form) p 172 this is the fact that while the process by which the worker is reified and becomes a commodity dehumanizes him and cripples and atrophies his soul'-as long as he does not consciously rebel against it---- it remains true that precisely his humanity and his soul are not changed into commodities The capitalists: the apparent subject of history, only the forms on the one hand the object of the society on the other hand, the apparent subject of the society p 165"This is based- as we have shown--on the fact that the bourgeois always perceives the subject and object of the historical process and of social reality in a double form: in terms of his consciousness the single individual is a perceiving subject confronting the over-whelming objective necess ities imposed by society of which only minute fragments can be comprehended. But in real ity it is precisely the conscious activity of the individual that is to be found on the object-side of the while the subject (the class )can not be awakened into consciousness and this activity must always remain beyond the consciousness of the -apparent-subject, the individual B, mediation: the change in the area of labor time on the one hand, the quantitative determination of labor as the commod ity; on the other hand the decisive form of human quotation, p166 the quantitative difference in exploitation, which appears to the capitalists in the form of the quantitative determinations of the objects of their calculation, must appear to the worker as the decisive, qualitative categories of his whole physical, mental and moral existence the opposition between quantity and qual ity in the area of labor time: dialectical opposition P166"It(the transformation of quantity into quality) means the emergence of the truly objective form of existence and the destruction of those confusing categories of reflection which had deformed true objectivity into a posture of merely immediate passive, contemplation C, Class consciousness as the mediated totality the forming of the proletariat as a class the dialectical opposition between soul and form: from separated individuals(the opposition between the abstract individuality and the abstract universality) to the universal class med iated by their social labor Condition: the development of social relations in the capitalist society The free and separated individuals, the social relations among them mediated by the thing", the new consciousness, the revival of the social relations

3 quantitative form) p 172 “this is the fact that while the process by which the worker is reified and becomes a commodity dehumanizes him and cripples and atrophies his ‘soul’ – as long as he does not consciously rebel against it---- it remains true that precisely his humanity and his soul are not changed into commodities.” The capitalists: the apparent subject of history, only the forms on the one hand, the object of the society; on the other hand, the apparent subject of the society p 165 “This is based – as we have shown—on the fact that the bourgeois always perceives the subject and object of the historical process and of social reality in a double form: in terms of his consciousness the single individual is a perceiving subject confronting the over-whelming objective necessities imposed by society of which only minute fragments can be comprehended. But in reality it is precisely the conscious activity of the individual that is to be found on the object-side of the process, while the subject (the class) can not be awakened into consciousness and this activity must always remain beyond the consciousness of the –apparent-subject, the individual. ” B, mediation: the change in the area of labor time labor time: on the one hand, the quantitative determination of labor as the commodity; on the other hand, the decisive form of human quotation, p166 “the quantitative difference in exploitation, which appears to the capitalists in the form of the quantitative determinations of the objects of their calculation, must appear to the worker as the decisive, qualitative categories of his whole physical, mental and moral existence.” the opposition between quantity and quality in the area of labor time: dialectical opposition P 166 “It (the transformation of quantity into quality) means the emergence of the truly objective form of existence and the destruction of those confusing categories of reflection which had deformed true objectivity into a posture of merely immediate, passive, contemplation.” C, Class consciousness as the mediated totality: the forming of the proletariat as a class: the dialectical opposition between soul and form: from separated individuals(the opposition between the abstract individuality and the abstract universality) to the universal class mediated by their social labor Condition: the development of social relations in the capitalist society The free and separated individuals, the social relations among them mediated by the “thing”, the new consciousness, the revival of the social relations

the revival of the structure of the object the relationship between man and man the relationship between men and the object of their labor the relationship between men and themselves social relations become the reality self-awareness of the capitalist society 149"the self-understanding of the proletariat is therefore simultaneously the objective understanding of the nature of society. When the proletariat furthers its own class aims, it simultaneously achieves the conscious real ization of the objective aims of society, aims which would inevitably remain abstract possibilities and objective frontiers but for this conscious intervention Class consciousness: the concrete totality of history 4, Class Consciousness as Praxis (the move from consciousness to self consciousness) The coincidence of history and genesis (self consciousness: the change of the structure of the object) P199 Self consciousness: the change of object P204 Reality is becoming Class consciousness is a necessary, indispensible, integral part of that process of bece The proletariat: the identical object-subject of history the move from pre-history to human history) Three: The problem with the dialectic of totality 1, Class Consciousness as the attributed (imputed) consciousness A, the difference between the given consciousness of the workers ("public opinion surveys")and the Class consciousness B. the move from the reified consciousness to class consciousness The problem of organization (party, class, history): populism plus the party as the vanguard 2, dialectic as the unity of subject and object The dialectic of totality The negative dialectic

4 the revival of the structure of the object: the relationship between man and man the relationship between men and the object of their labor the relationship between men and themselves result: social relations become the reality self-awareness of the capitalist society: p149 “the self-understanding of the proletariat is therefore simultaneously the objective understanding of the nature of society. When the proletariat furthers its own class aims, it simultaneously achieves the conscious realization of the objective aims of society, aims which would inevitably remain abstract possibilities and objective frontiers but for this conscious intervention.” Class consciousness: the concrete totality of history 4, Class Consciousness as Praxis (the move from consciousness to self consciousness) The coincidence of history and genesis (self consciousness: the change of the structure of the object) P199: Self consciousness: the change of object P204 Reality is becoming Class consciousness is a necessary, indispensible, integral part of that process of becoming The proletariat: the identical object-subject of history (the move from pre-history to human history) Three: The problem with the dialectic of totality 1, Class Consciousness as the attributed (imputed) consciousness A, the difference between the given consciousness of the workers (“public opinion surveys”) and the Class consciousness B, the move from the reified consciousness to class consciousness The problem of organization (party, class, history): populism plus the party as the vanguard 2, dialectic as the unity of subject and object The dialectic of totality The negative dialectic