上海交通大学：《历史视野下的美国文化 American Culture Under the Historical Perspective》通识课程教学资源（学生作业）Chapter 9. The Gilded Age

Chapter 9.The Gilded Age 9.1 The First Transcontinental Railroad (1869) 9.2 The End of Reconstruction (1877) 9.3 The First Great Trust(1882) 9.4 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 9.5 Dawes Severalty Act (1887) 9.6 Plessy v.Ferguson (1896) 9.7 The Spanish-American War (1898)

Chapter 9. The Gilded Age Chapter 9. The Gilded Age • 9.1 The First Transcontinental Railroad The First Transcontinental Railroad (1869) • 9.2 The End of Reconstruction ( 9.2 The End of Reconstruction (1877 ) • 9.3 The First Great Trust The First Great Trust (1882) • 9.4 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Chinese Exclusion • 9.5 Dawes Severalty Act (1887) • 9.6 Plessy v. Ferguson ( 9.6 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896 ) • 9.7 The Spanish The Spanish –American War (1898) American

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Chronological Landmarks Landmarks In America • 1862–1869:First Transcontinental Railroad Built • 1863–1877:The End of Reconstruction • 1869–1877:Ulysses S. Grant as the 18th President • 1870:The 15th Amendment Ratified • 1877–1900:The Gilded Age • 1877–1881:Rutherford B. Hayes as the 19th President • 1881–1881:James Garfield (1831–1881) as the 20th President • 1881–1885Chester Arthur (1829–1886) as the 21st President • 1882: Standard Oil Company of Ohio by John D. Rockefeller • 1882:The Chinese Exclusion Act • 1885–1889Grover Cleveland as the 22nd & 24th President • 1887The Dawes Severalty Act • 1889–1893Benjamin Harrison as the 23rd President • 1896The Plessy v. Ferguson • 1897–1901William McKinley as the 25th U.S. President • 1898:The Spanish–American (Cuban, Filipino) War • 1898:Hawaii Annexed by the U.S

Chronological Landmarks In

• In Europe • 1894–1905:The Dreyfus Affair Dreyfus Affair in France(德雷福斯 ) • In China • 1861–1908:The De Facto Rule of the Qing Dynasty by Empress Dowager Dowager Cixi • 1875-1908:Emperor Guangxu Guangxu (1871–1908) of the Qing Dynasty • 1894–1895:The Sino –Japanese War Japanese War • 1895:The Ma Guan Treaty • 1898:The Hundred Days of Reform Hundred Days of Reform (百日维新 ) • 1900:Yi He Tuan Yi He Tuan Movement • 1900:The Robbing of the Imperial Palace Imperial Palace by the Eight–Nation Allied Forces Chronological Landmarks Landmarks In America

9.1 The First Transcontinental Railroad (1869) ·1.Development of Railroads▲ ·2.Great Age Of Railroading▲ 。3.Pacific Railroad Act▲ ·4.Promontory Point△ ·5.Shady Episodes▲

9.1 The First Transcontinental Railroad The First Transcontinental Railroad (1869) • 1. Development of Railroads ▲ • 2. Great Age Of Railroading ▲ • 3. Pacific Railroad Act ▲ • 4. Promontory Point ▲ • 5. Shady Episodes ▲

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1.Development of Railroads (1) • More than any other technological innovation or industrial achievement of the 19th century, the development of a nationwide railroad network had the greatest impact on American economic life. Railroads created a market of goods that was national in scale, and by so doing encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization

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1. Development of Railroads (2) • The resources used in railroad–building not only promoted the growth of other industries, especially coal and steel, but also affected the routines of daily life in the United States; because railroad time became standard time for all Americans soon after the American Railroad Association divided the country into four time zones in 1883. The most important innovations of the railroads might have been the creation of the modern stockholder corporation and the development of complex structures in finance, business management, and the regulation of competition. After the Civil War, railroad mileage increased more than fivefold in the 35–year period from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 193,000 in 1900

POPULATION VS.RAILROAD MILEAGE (1830-1890) 70000 200000 60000 150000 (spuesnoy) 50000 40000 100000 uoneindod 30000 20000 50000 10000 0 0 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890

2.Great Age Of Railroading (1) ·In the early 0-1860),the building of d s had resulted in c en tracks and incomp fficiencies were reduce h the consolidatio integrated trunk lines s.The great age of railr ettlement of the last fron ted settlement c ed a critical role in the tr king the West with th a great national ma

2. Great Age Of Railroading Great Age Of Railroading (1) • In the early decades of railroading (1830–1860), the building of dozens of separate local lines had resulted in different gauges规格between tracks and incompatible equipment. These inefficiencies were reduced after the Civil War through the consolidation of competing railroads into integrated trunk lines（干线） between large cities. The great age of railroading coincided with the settlement of the last frontier. In fact, railroads promoted settlement on the Great Plains and played a critical role in the trans–Mississippi West by linking the West with the East and thereby creating a great national market

2.Great Age Of Railroading (2) The federal gov ad companies with huge subs loans and land grants.Some 8 ceived more than 170 millior hich was given in alternate mile checkerboard pattern棋盘形图 route of the railroad.The go road companies to m the land to new settlers so as to ind hoped that the completed r MaP oF ease the value 层ZCO7T银 of government 运每证品的 ferred rates for carrying the ma ops

2. Great Age Of Railroading Great Age Of Railroading (2) • The federal government provided railroad companies with huge subsidies subsidies津贴in the form of loans and land grants. Some 80 railroad companies received more than 170 million acres of public land, which was given in alternate mile–square sections in a checkerboard pattern棋盘形图案along the proposed route of the railroad. The government expected railroad companies to make every effort to sell the land to new settlers so as to finance construction, and hoped that the completed railroad would both increase the value of government lands and provide preferred rates for carrying the mails and transporting troops

3.Pacific Railroad Act (1) In1862,Congr∈ first transcontine AVOID THE DELAYS Union.On July DANGERS OP NAVIGATION Pacific Railroa Company to ex Omaha,Nebras Company to ex sierras from Sac ENTRAL created by a fec SAVE TIME,MONEY million,while th PACIFIC 220231WD5T4N030 SAN FRANCISCO A0t7N7WPC白F9M5T Mark Hopkins SPEED!COMFORT!SAFETY! STEEL RAILS, Collis Potter H Miller Platforms,Air Brakes. A1第1t4 去004A买 (1822-1888),al GREAT AMERICAN 人其山 410F OVER-LAND ROUTE. UNOS PACIFICRR i wealth. 份

3. Pacific Railroad Act (1) • In 1862, Congress granted land and loans for the building of the first transcontinental railroad to tie California to the rest of the Union. On July 1, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act, authorizing the Union Pacific Railroad Company to extend westward across the Great Plains from Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific Railroad Company to extend eastward across mountain passes in the sierras from Sacramento, California. The Union Pacific was created by a federal charter with a capitalization of $100 million, while the Central Pacific Railroad was incorporated by Mark Hopkins (1813–1878), Leland Stanford (1824–1893), Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900), and Charles Crocker (1822–1888), all happening to be ample in girth as well as in wealth