斯坦福卫生经济学教材（Health Economics）杰伊·巴塔查里亚《健康经济学》课程教学资源（试卷习题，英文版）课后判断题及答案 Ch 23 Prospect Theory

Prospect Theory Comprehension Questions Indicate whether the statement is true or false,and justify your answer.Be sure to cite evidence from the chapter and state any additional assumptions you may need. sitivity,and independe FALSE.Under bounded rationality,people are hindered by cognitive limi tations and as a result they do not always make decisions consistent with completeness,transitivity,and independence. 2.Loss aversion is the economics of jealousy:people value what they do not have more than what they do have. FALSE.The endowment effect claims that people valueanitem more if they have it than if they do not 3.During prospect theory's editing stage,the operation of segregation always occurs before the operation of simplification. FALSE.The order of operations varies by question as well as the actor. 4.Expected utility theory offers one possible valuation function that satisfies the pr mpletencss,transitivity and independence of preferen

23 Prospect Theory Comprehension Questions Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer. Be sure to cite evidence from the chapter and state any additional assumptions you may need. 1. Individuals who always make decisions consistent with completeness, tran￾sitivity, and independence are exhibiting bounded rationality. FALSE. Under bounded rationality, people are hindered by cognitive limi￾tations and as a result they do not always make decisions consistent with completeness, transitivity, and independence. 2. Loss aversion is the economics of jealousy: people value what they do not have more than what they do have. FALSE. The endowment effect claims that people value an item more if they have it than if they do not. 3. During prospect theory’s editing stage, the operation of segregation always occurs before the operation of simplification. FALSE. The order of operations varies by question as well as the actor. 4. Expected utility theory offers one possible valuation function that satisfies the properties of completeness, transitivity, and independence of preferences under uncertainty. 1

2 Health Economics Answer Key TRUE.The expected utility function is a value function where(x)=u(x). 5.The certainty effect and subcertainty are opposite phenomena. FALSE.Both the certainty effect and subcertainty arise from people's ob- served tendency to overvalue certain outcomes(and implicitly,underweight outcomes that are just shy of certainty). 6.A typical value function is concave due to risk aversion. FALSE.A typical value function has both concave and convex parts 7.Whether a prospect is coded as a gain or as a loss can depend on how that prospect is framed. TRUE.Empirical evidence says that the framing of a question can dramat- ically alter how changes in wealth are coded. 8.The endowment effect leads to a stronger status quo bias,because trades are more likely to occur. FALSE.The endowment effect means trades are less likely to occur. 9.All perceived probabilities are weighted lower than actual probabilities FALSE.Extremely low eived probability is weighted higher than ex- tremely low actual probability. 10.Risk-averse individuals have a concave value function for prospective gains and a convex value function for prospective losses. FALSE.Risk-averse individuals have concave value functions for prospec tive gains and losses.Loss-averse individuals have concave value functions for prospective gains and convex value functions for prospective losses be- cause they are risk-averse when it comes to gains and risk-seeking with losses. Bhattacharya,Hyde &Tu2013 2

2 | Health Economics Answer Key TRUE. The expected utility function is a value function where v(x) = u(x). 5. The certainty effect and subcertainty are opposite phenomena. FALSE. Both the certainty effect and subcertainty arise from people’s ob￾served tendency to overvalue certain outcomes (and implicitly, underweight outcomes that are just shy of certainty). 6. A typical value function is concave due to risk aversion. FALSE. A typical value function has both concave and convex parts. 7. Whether a prospect is coded as a gain or as a loss can depend on how that prospect is framed. TRUE. Empirical evidence says that the framing of a question can dramat￾ically alter how changes in wealth are coded. 8. The endowment effect leads to a stronger status quo bias, because trades are more likely to occur. FALSE. The endowment effect means trades are less likely to occur. 9. All perceived probabilities are weighted lower than actual probabilities. FALSE. Extremely low perceived probability is weighted higher than ex￾tremely low actual probability. 10. Risk-averse individuals have a concave value function for prospective gains and a convex value function for prospective losses. FALSE. Risk-averse individuals have concave value functions for prospec￾tive gains and losses. Loss-averse individuals have concave value functions for prospective gains and convex value functions for prospective losses be￾cause they are risk-averse when it comes to gains and risk-seeking with losses. ￾c Bhattacharya, Hyde & Tu 2013 2