上海交通大学：《工程学导论》课程教学资源（讲义）Chapter 2_Science and Engineering

上游充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Chapter 2 Science and Engineering 1目三后

Chapter 2 Science and Engineering Chapter 2 Science and Engineering

上游充通大粤 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Contents Definition ■ Science Engineering ■ Research Development ■ Way of Thinking ■Scientific Thinking ■Lateral Thinking Engineering Thinking 1B三后

Contents Contents  Definition  Science & Engineering  Research & Development  Way of Thinking  Scientific Thinking  Lateral Thinking  Engineering Thinking

上游充通大粤 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Definition "Scientists study the world as it is, Theodore vonKarman Aeroepace Scientist Engineers create the world that never has been. USA 29 ___--Theodore von Karman 1目三后

Definition Definition "Scientists study the world as it is, Engineers create the world that never has been.” ----------Theodore von Karman

上滋充通大粤 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Science is >A method of investigating nature--a way of knowing about nature--that discovers reliable knowledge about it >A method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature Science enables us to know the truth about the world Engineering is The application of scientific principles to the optimal conversion of natural resources into structures,machines,products, systems and processes for the benefit of mankind >A method of creation

Science is :  A method of investigating nature--a way of knowing about nature--that discovers reliable knowledge about it  A method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature Science enables us to know the truth about the world Engineering is  The application of scientific principles to the optimal conversion of natural resources into structures, machines, products, systems and processes for the benefit of mankind  A method of creation

上游充通大粤 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Science and Engineering Nature Product Science Human Needs Engineering Technology 1三后

Science and Engineering Science and Engineering Nature Nature Science Science Technology Technology Engineering Engineering Product Product Human Needs Human Needs

上游充通大￥ SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Research and Development The term R&D(research and development)refers to a specific group of activities within a business R&D activities are carried out by corporate, charitable or governmental entities 1B三后

Research and Development Research and Development The term R&D (research and development) refers to a specific group of activities within a business R&D activities are carried out by corporate, charitable or governmental entities

上游充通大粤 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Two models of R&D R&D activities vary significantly among different fields,but can generally be put into two primary models: One is to develop new products; The other is to To discover new knowledge about scientific and technological topics To create new solution about scientific and technological problems The first model is generally staffed by engineers >The second model may be staffed with both engineers and industrial scientists or even scientists

Two models of R&D Two models of R&D R&D activities vary significantly among different fields, but can generally be put into two primary models:  One is to develop new products;  The other is to  To discover new knowledge about scientific and technological topics  To create new solution about scientific and technological problems  The first model is generally staffed by engineers  The second model may be staffed with both engineers and industrial scientists or even scientists

上游充通大￥ SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Uncertainty and ROl in R&D Under both models,R&D differs from the vast majority of a company's activities >Some R&D are intended to yield nearly immediate profit or immediate improvements in operations(short term) Involve little uncertainty as to the return on investment(ROI) > Some R&D are intended to benefit the human being in general (long term) Involve much uncertainty as to the return on investment Three category of R&D with different uncertainty and ROI Basic research(much uncertainty,generally no ROl) Technology development (less uncertainty,average ROl) Product development (little uncertainty,high ROI)

Uncertainty and ROI in R&D Uncertainty and ROI in R&D Under both models, R&D differs from the vast majority of a company's activities  Some R&D are intended to yield nearly immediate profit or immediate improvements in operations (short term)  Involve little uncertainty as to the return on investment (ROI)  Some R&D are intended to benefit the human being in general (long term)  Involve much uncertainty as to the return on investment Three category of R&D with different uncertainty and ROI  Basic research (much uncertainty, generally no ROI)  Technology development (less uncertainty, average ROI)  Product development (little uncertainty, high ROI)

上游充通大粤 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Three Categories of R&D R T Basic Technology Product Research Development Development Discovery process Loosely structured Structured methods 。No set timing ·Difficult to plan ●Planned timing Very large uncertainty ·Less uncertainty Predictable outcome ·Long term ●Short term ·Medium term

Three Categories of R&D Three Categories of R&D Structured methods Planned timing Predictable outcome Short term R D • Loosely structured • Difficult to plan • Less uncertainty • Medium term • Discovery process • No set timing • Very large uncertainty • Long term T Basic Research Technology Development Product Development

上浒充通大 SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Case study 1:Basic research Those research generally explore the world we do not understand: In macro,even nano scale world,the laws of the Newton still work or not? Medical research:why animals develop cancer? Who will pay for those research? Government (National natural science foundation of China in Beijing) Charitable organization (American cancer society office in Washington D.C.)

Case study 1: Basic research Case study 1: Basic research Those research generally explore the world we do not understand:  In macro, even nano scale world, the laws of the Newton still work or not?  Medical research: why animals develop cancer? Who will pay for those research?  Government (National natural science foundation of China in Beijing)  Charitable organization (American cancer society office in Washington D.C.)