《爆破工程 Blasting Engineering》课程教学课件（讲稿）Chapter 2 Industrial explosive

Chapter 2 Industrial Explosive主要内容2.1 BasicConcept2.4 Permitted explosiveforcoalmine（(omited)2.2 Single primary explosive2.5 Otherindustrial explosivesandHighexplosive(omited)2.6 Brief introduction to the2.3 Ammonium nitrateexplosivemethod of destruction of blasting1equipment（omited)第二章 工业炸药2016/11/9

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 2 主要内容 Chapter 2 Industrial Explosive 2.1 Basic Concept 2.2 Single primary explosive and High explosive 2.3 Ammonium nitrate explosive 2.4 Permitted explosive for coal mine （omited） 2.5 Other industrial explosives （omited） 2.6 Brief introduction to the method of destruction of blasting equipment（omited） ：

Section 1 Basic ConceptClassification of explosivechemicalconstituentfunctionworking conditioncomponentsIn all underground andSinglePrimaryANexplosiveopen pit projectincludesexplosiveexplosivedangerousmines withgasand dustCompositeNitroglycerineHigh explosive-Inall underground and5explosiveexplosiveopenpitprojectexceptdangerous mines with gasPropellantanddust.AromaticnitrocompoundsexplosivePyrotechnicOnly intheopenpitproject.composition第二章工业炸药2016/11/93

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 3 Section 1 Basic Concept  Pyrotechnic composition Propellant High explosive Composite explosive Primary explosive Single explosive Aromatic nitro compounds explosive Nitroglycerine explosive AN explosive chemical components  function  constituent working condition Only in the open pit project. In all underground and open pit project except dangerous mines with gas and dust. In all underground and open pit project includes dangerous mines with gas and dust. Classification of explosive

The basic reguirements of industrialexplossivein Industrial blastingLowmechanical sensitivityandmodestinitiationsensitivityconvenient andsafe inproduction,storage,transportation and working-Notoxiccomponents inthe explosiveandcomponents (zero oxygenbalanceforlesstoxic gas).EGoodexplosivepropertytomeetneedsofdifferentrocksDStable instorageperiodCWildrawmaterialsources andlowBpriceSimpleandsafeprocessingA+technology2016/11/9第二章 工业炸药

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 4 The basic requirements of industrial explossive in Industrial blasting D C B A Good explosive property to meet needs of different rocks. Stable in storage period . Wild raw material sources and low price. Simple and safe processing technology. E F No toxic components in the explosive and components (zero oxygen balance for less toxic gas). Low mechanical sensitivity and modest initiation sensitivity，convenient and safe in production,storage,transportation and working

Section2Singleprimaryexplosiveand highexplosiveFulminateVHg(ONC),Molecular FormulaO-N=C-N=CHHStructural formulaNO-N=CorO-N=CSingleLead azideprimaryPb(N,)2MolecularFormulaBexplosivePb(N=N=NStructural formulaN=N=NLowthermal sensitivityandstrongexplosionpower.DDNPDinitrodiazophenolC.H,N.OMolecularFormulaPureDDNPisyellowneedlecrystal,flamesensitivityishigherthan that of dextrin lead azideand similar withmercury fulminate.Explosion poweris twotimesthan thatofmercury.DNNPiscurrentlythemostwidlyused52016/11/9第二章工业炸药

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 5 C A B Fulminate Lead azide Dinitrodiazophenol Single primary explosive 2 Hg ONC ( ) O N C Hg O N C      O N C Hg O N C      Molecular Formula Structural formula or 3 2 Pb N( ) NNN Pb NNN      Low thermal sensitivity and strong explosion power. DDNP C H N O 6 2 4 5 Pure DDNP is yellow needle crystal,flame sensitivity is higher than that of dextrin lead azide and similar with mercury fulminate.Explosion power is two times than that of mercury.DNNP is currently the most widly used. Section 2 Single primary explosive and high explosive Molecular Formula Structural formula Molecular Formula

highexplossive_[1]SingleATNTMelting point 80.65C。Insoluble in water,soluble intoluene,highthermal stabilityTNT canbe flamed and when it is flamed in a closed condition orina big amount,itcanbetransformed into explosionLow mechnical sensitivity but easy to explosion if mixed with hard granuleTNTis toxic!It can causetoxichepatitis and aplastic anemia,and resultsinjaundice,bluedisease,gastrointestinal dysfunctionandred,leucopeniadisease.ln addition,it can cause cataract,and affect reproductive function2016/11/9第二章 工业炸药6

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 6 Single high explossive『1』 A TNT Melting point 80.65℃。 Insoluble in water, soluble in toluene, high thermal stability TNT can be flamed and when it is flamed in a closed condition or in a big amount,it can be transformed into explosion. Low mechnical sensitivity but easy to explosion if mixed with hard granule. TNT is toxic ! It can cause toxic hepatitis and aplastic anemia，and results in jaundice, blue disease, gastrointestinal dysfunction and red, leucopenia disease.In addition,it can cause cataract, and affect reproductive function

singlehighexplossive『2]BHexogeonRDXC,H.(NO,)3Mechanical sensitivityishigherthan TNTExplosivestrength500mL，brisance（25g）16mm，explosionvelocity8300m/s。Itcanbe used notonly as strengthenexplossive inthedetonators but also as cored of detonatingfuse or mixed with TNT toproduce initiation chargeC TetrylCEC,H2(NO)3 : NCH,NO)Tetryl is pale yellow crystalsD PETNpentaerythrite tetranitrateC(CH,ONO,)PETN iswhitecrystal,its explossionpropertiesis samewithRDX.2016/11/9第二章 工业炸药

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 7 Single high explossive『2』 B Hexogeon 3 6 2 3 C H NO ( ) Tetryl is pale yellow crystals. Explosive strength 500mL，brisance（25g）16mm，explosion velocity 8300m/s。It can be used not only as strengthen explossive in the detonators but also as cored of detonating fuse or mixed with TNT to produce initiation charge. RDX C Tetryl D PETN pentaerythrite tetranitrate 6 2 2 3 3 2 C H NO NCH NO ( )  Mechanical sensitivity is higher than TNT CE PETN is white crystal，its explossion properties is same with RDX. 2 2 4 C CH ONO ( )

Section 3Ammonium nitrateexplosiveANNH.NO3(ammoniumnitrate)Structuralformula:+19.98%explosionvelocityoxygen balance:100~2700m/scritical diameter:100mmANcannot be detonated by detonator or detonating cord, its major defect ishigh hygroscopicity and caking capacity.To increase its water-resisting property,wecanaddanti-blushingagentinit.1:Hydrophobicsubstances （rosin,paraffinwax,bitumenandvaseline)2:activesubstance(Calciumstearate,zincstearate)Relationship betweenhighhygroscopicity and caking capacity :Tautomericpropertiesofammoniumnitrate crystal:Usually,ANhasfivecrystalline:Asquareadiamond,βdiamond,obliqueparallelepipedand hexahedron.When thetemperature rises to32.3C,Thevolume ofadiamond crystal will increase3%andsplitintoβdiamondcrystals。AN can react with copper to produce nitrite with poor stability2016/11/9第二章 工业炸药

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 8 ANcannot be detonated by detonator or detonating cord ，its major defect is high hygroscopicity and caking capacity.To increase its water-resisting property,we can add anti-blushing agent in it. 1：Hydrophobic substances （rosin, paraffin wax, bitumen and vaseline） ； 2：active substance（Calcium stearate, zinc stearate ）。 Relationship between high hygroscopicity and caking capacity ： Tautomeric properties of ammonium nitrate crystal：  Usually，AN has five crystalline:A square,α diamond, βdiamond, oblique parallelepiped and hexahedron.  When the temperature rises to 32.3 ℃，The volume of αdiamond crystal will increase 3%, and split into β diamond crystals。 Section 3 Ammonium nitrate explosive AN （ammonium nitrate）Structural formula： NH4NO3 oxygen balance： ＋19.98% explosion velocity ： 100~2700m/s critical diameter：100mm AN can react with copper to produce nitrite with poor stability. 

Process of ANHygroscopicitycaking2016/11/9第二章工业炸药

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 9 Process of AN Hygroscopicity, caking 

AmnoniteConsistsofAmmoniumnitrate,TNTand woodpowderamnonite1.AN is the main componentand oxidizing agent.2.TNTis sensitizing agent and reducing agent.3.:Wood powed is leavening agent.g.cm-3density0.95~1.10≥12AN85±1.5brisancemmcomponent propertymlTNT11±1.0work capacity≥29cmgap distance≥5WP4±0.5D/m:s-1D/m·s-1≥3200No.2rockANTNTexplosive102016/11/9第二章 工业炸药

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 10 D/m·s-1 ≥3200 component property No. 2 rock AN TNT explosive AN 85±1.5 TNT 11±1.0 WP 4±0.5 brisance ≥12 work capacity ≥29 gap distance≥5 Consists of Ammonium nitrate, TNT and wood powder. 1. AN is the main component and oxidizing agent.； 2. TNT is sensitizing agent and reducing agent. 3. Wood powed is leavening agent. Amnonite amnonite density 0.95~1.10 g·cm-3 mm ml cm D/m·s-1

ANFOExplosiveANFOammoniumnitratefueloilmixture/ANFOexplosiveANFOexplossiveconsists ofammoniumnitrateandfueloilitisgranularorpowderyexplosivemixture.Referred to as the blasting agentTherawmaterialsofANFOexplosiveareAmmoniumnitrate,dieseloilandwoodpowderThereasonablecomponentsrationof powderyANFOexplosiveisammoniumnitrate:dieseloil:woodpowder=92:4:4ANFO explosivehas low sensitivityand relativelyhighhygroscopicityandcakingcapacity so it cannot be used in waterenvironment.112016/11/9第二章工业炸药

2016/11/9 第二章 工业炸药 11 ANFO Explosive ANFO explossive consists of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil,it is granular or powdery explosive mixture.Referred to as the blasting agent. ANFO （ ammonium nitrate fuel oil mixture / ANFO explosive） ANFO explosive has low sensitivity and relatively high hygroscopicity and caking capacity so it cannot be used in water environment. The raw materials of ANFO explosive are Ammonium nitrate, diesel oil and wood powder. The reasonable components ration of powdery ANFO explosive is ammonium nitrate: diesel oil: wood powder =92:4:4