《植物化学保护》课程教学资源（英文讲稿）Codex Alimentarius Committee on Pesticide Residues

Codex Alimentarius Committee on Pesticide Residues ■■川 Robert Epstein Deputy Administrator Science Technology Programs

Codex Alimentarius Committee Committee on Pesticide Residues Committee on Pesticide Pesticide Residues Residues Robert Epstein Deputy Administrator Science Science & Technolog Programs Science & Technolog Technology Programs Programs

Background Under the United Nations Food and Agriculture (FAO)and World Health Organizations (WHO) Food and Agriculture Organization of the ■ Began in 1962 -Codex United Nations Alimentarius from Latin Food for a world without hunge Code Purpose: World Health Organization -Develops international standards Protect public health Promote fair trade ■ Provide guidelines for the world's growing food industry UsDA▣ @

Background ƒ Under the United Nations Food and Agriculture (FAO) and World Health Organizations (WHO) ƒ Began in 1962 – Codex Alimentarius from Latin Food Code ƒ Purpose: ƒ Develops international standards ƒ Protect public health ƒ Promote fair trade ƒ Provide guidelines for the world Provide guidelines for the world s ’ growing food industry

Organization ■■II Over 1 70 countries participate in Codex ■ Volunteer Nations serve as host countries ■ The Codex Alimentarius full Commission: meets annually in late June or early July "approves or rejects the recommendations and management decision of individual committees approves new work for individual USDA committees to develop policies

Organization ƒ Over 170 countries participate in Codex ƒ Volunteer Nations serve as host countries ƒ The Codex Alimentarius full Commission: ƒ meets annually in late June or early July ƒ approves or rejects the recommendations and management decision of individual committees ƒ approves new work for individual committees to develop policies

Codex Committees There are over 30 committees.Some are major committees which meet annually: Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) Committee on Food Additives Committee on Veterinary Drugs in Foods Committee on Food Hygiene Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling Committee on Environmental Contaminants in Foods Committee on General Principles Other committees meet less frequently.Each country USDA usually has a coordinator. @

Codex Committees Codex Committees There are over 30 committees. Some are major committees which meet annually: ƒ Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR) ƒ Committee on Food Additives ƒ C i V i D i F d Committee on Veterinary Drugs i n Foo d s ƒ Committee on Food Hygiene ƒ Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling ƒ Committee on Environmental Contaminants in Foods ƒ Committee on General Principles Other committees meet less frequently. Each country usually has a coordinator

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides ■■■II Countries nominate pesticides to be evaluated for consideration in the Codex system after review at national level is completed. Countries request manufacturers to propose pesticide for inclusion in the system.A proposal presented by the United States is being considered for joint National and Codex Evaluations. Proposed pesticides are prioritized by an ad hoc working group chaired by Australia that meets via electronic media. Considers up to 4 new pesticides and review of older pesticides.This is a 5-year working list finalized at the annual meeting. USDA

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Limits for Pesticides ƒ Countries nominate pesticides to be evaluated for consideration in the Codex system after review at national level is completed. ƒ Countries request manufacturers to propose pesticide for inclusion in the system. A proposal presented by the United States is being considered for joint National and Codex Evaluations. ƒ Pro pp p y g osed pesticides are prioritized b y an ad hoc workin g group chaired by Australia that meets via electronic media. ƒ Considers up to 4 new pesticides and review of older pesticides This is a 5 pesticides. This is a 5 -year working list finalized at the annual meeting

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides (continued 川 Pesticide toxicology data provided by the manufacturer is evaluated by the Joint Meetings on Pesticide Residues (JMPR),an expert group of independent scientists.The group meets once a year. JMPR determines "acceptable daily intake"(ADI)for the pesticide candidate (U.S equivalent is reference dose).The ADI is determined by long term exposure studies based on selected toxicology endpoints. USDA

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Limits for Pesticides Pesticides (continued) (continued) ƒ Pesticide toxicology data provided by the manufacturer is evaluated by the Joint Meetings on Pesticide Residues (JMPR), an expert group of independent scientists. The group meets once a year. ƒ JMPR determines “acceptable daily intake daily intake (ADI) for the ” (ADI) for the pesticide candidate (U.S. equivalent is reference dose). The ADI is determined by long term exposure t di b d s t udies based on selected toxicology endpoints

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides (continued ■eII An acute reference dose is established if there is a potential acute toxic endpoint for the pesticide,based on a single or daily commodity serving Manufacturers submit to JMPR residue field trials to determine the residue levels based on Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs).The number of trials is based on USDA climate and soil conditions

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Limits for Pesticides Pesticides (continued) (continued) ƒ An acute reference dose is established if there is a potential acute i d i f h toxic en dpoint for t h e pesticide, based on a single or dail y yg commodit y servin g. ƒ Manufacturers submit to JMPR residue field trials to determine the residue levels based on Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). The numb f t i l i b d ber of t rials i s based on climate and soil conditions

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides (continued) ■■■I Exposure is defined as the projected maximum residue times the expected consumption of the commodity by an individual. ■ Consumption is based on 13 international diets determined by the Global Environmental Management System (GEMS)developed by WHO.(Before 2006 only 5 representative diets were considered.) The Maximum Residue Limit is recommended by JMPR taking into account the SUM of exposures for the pesticide resulting from uses in different crops.The sum of exposures (residues x consumption)is supposed to be less than the ADl. USDA

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Limits for Pesticides Pesticides (continued) (continued) ƒ Exposure is defined as the projected maximum residue times the expected consumption of the commodity by an individual an individual. ƒ Consumption is based on 13 international diets determined by the Global Environmental Management S (GEMS) d l d b WHO (B f 2006 l 5 System (GEMS) developed b y WHO. (B e fore 2006 only 5 representative diets were considered.) ƒ The Maximum Residue Limit is recommended by JMPR taking into account the SUM of exposures for the pesticide resulting from uses in different crops. The sum of exposures (residues x consumption) is supposed t b l th th ADI t o b e less than th e ADI

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides (continued JMPR also reviews existing pesticides on a 1 5-year cycle. Toxicology and Residue Chemistry can be done in different years. Periodic reviews can result in a modification of the MRL or in its deletion if the use is no longer supported by the manufacturer. 2008 examples-fenvalerate, metalaxyl. USDA

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Limits for Pesticides Pesticides (continued) (continued) ƒ JMPR also reviews existing pesticides on a 15- y y ear c ycle. Toxicology and Residue Chemistry can be done in different years. ƒ Periodic reviews can result in a modification of the MRL or in its deletion if the use is no longer supported by the manufacturer. ƒ 2008 examples —fenvalerate fenvalerate, metalaxyl

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides (continued) ■■I川 CCPR considers JMPR recommendations for a proposed MRL and serves as a management authority. ■ The chair of CCPR(China)considers comments by governments and tries to reach consensus. Countries objecting to advancing an MRL in the step process must submit an intervention form based on reasonable scientific evidence to support their objection.This process was established in 2006. USDA

Establishing Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides Limits for Pesticides Pesticides (continued) (continued) ƒ CCPR considers JMPR recommendations for a proposed MRL and serves as a management authority. ƒ The chair of CCPR (China) considers comments by governments and tries to reach consensus. ƒ Countries objecting to advancing an MRL in the step process must submit an intervention form based on reasonable scientific evidence to support their objection. This process was established in 2006