《植物化学保护》课程教学资源（英文讲稿）An Introduction To The Health Effects of Pesticides（PPT）

A Small Dose of TM Pesticide An Introduction To The Health Effects of Pesticides A Small Dose of Pesticide-2/29/04

A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 An Introduction To The Health Effects of Pesticides A Small Dose of ™ Pesticide

Definition -Simple The function of a pesticide is to kill or harm some form of life. ●，A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide-2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 Definition - Simple The function of a pesticide is to kill or harm some form of life

Definition-EPA ".a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying,repelling,or mitigating any pest." ".a pest is any harmful,destructive,or troublesome animal,plant or microorganism." US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide-2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 Definition - EPA “.a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.” “.a pest is any harmful, destructive, or troublesome animal, plant or microorganism.” US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Definition FIFRA *.any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,destroying,repelling or mitigating any insects,rodents,nematodes, fungi,or weeds or any other form of life declared to be pests.and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator,defoliant or desiccant." Federal Insecticide,Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA-1947) k●，A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide-2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 Definition - FIFRA “. any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, or weeds or any other form of life declared to be pests. . and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant.” Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA – 1947)

Ancient Awareness >History records many examples of plagues and efforts to control them > 1000 BC China Sulfur used as a fumigant to kill bacteria and fungus > Sulfur is widely used to day,e.g. protecting wine barrels and in wine. ●，A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide-2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 ➢ History records many examples of plagues and efforts to control them ➢ 1000 BC China Sulfur used as a fumigant to kill bacteria and fungus ➢ Sulfur is widely used to day, e.g. protecting wine barrels and in wine. Ancient Awareness

Historical Awareness 1690-Nicotine -water extracted from tobacco leaves sprayed on plants as insecticide > 1700's-Strychnine-extracted from plant used to kill rodents 1800's-Arsenic trioxide-weed killer >1800's-Rotenone-extracted from plants as insecticide > 1800's-Pyrethrum-extracted from chrysanthemum as insecticide >1900's-lead arsenate-orchard insecticide A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide-2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 ➢ 1690 – Nicotine - water extracted from tobacco leaves sprayed on plants as insecticide ➢ 1700’s – Strychnine – extracted from plant used to kill rodents ➢ 1800’s – Arsenic trioxide – weed killer ➢ 1800’s – Rotenone – extracted from plants as insecticide ➢ 1800’s – Pyrethrum – extracted from chrysanthemum as insecticide ➢ 1900’s – lead arsenate – orchard insecticide Historical Awareness

Historical Events >1930's-“ginger jake paralysis”- during prohibition,alcoholic Jamaican ginger >1962-“Silent Spring”by Rachel Carson exposed the hazards of DDT 1975-Works made ill from Kepone manufacture in Hopewell,Virginia A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide-2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 ➢ 1930’s – “ginger jake paralysis” – during prohibition, alcoholic Jamaican ginger ➢ 1962 – “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carson exposed the hazards of DDT ➢ 1975 – Works made ill from Kepone manufacture in Hopewell, Virginia Historical Events

Chlordane "Chlordane America's leading lawn and garden insecticide.Used extensively by pest control operators for termite control, because of its long lasting effectiveness." Velsicol Chemical Corporation- Advertisement-1959 U.S.EPA lists chlordane as a persistent bioaccumulative toxic.In 1978,EPA cancelled use of chlordane on food crops and 1988 all use was banned. A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide -2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 Chlordane “Chlordane America’s leading lawn and garden insecticide. Used extensively by pest control operators for termite control, because of its long lasting effectiveness.” Velsicol Chemical Corporation – Advertisement – 1959 U.S. EPA lists chlordane as a persistent bioaccumulative toxic. In 1978, EPA cancelled use of chlordane on food crops and 1988 all use was banned

What Is This? H ci ci CCl; A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide -2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 What Is This? Cl C H CCl3

DDT H ci CCl3 Organochlorine insecticide 1945 control of mosquitoes Effective but very persistent Very soluble in fat Damaged bird eggs A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide-2/29/04

A Small Dose of Toxicology A Small Dose of Pesticide – 2/29/04 DDT Cl C H CCl3 • Organochlorine insecticide • 1945 control of mosquitoes • Effective but very persistent • Very soluble in fat • Damaged bird eggs