《空中交通运输系统》（英文版）chapter 9 architecting

Architecting Designing Air Transportation Systems Prof, john-Paul clarke Massachusetts Institute of Technology 16899 March 4.2004

Architecting & Designing Air Transportation Systems Prof. John-Paul Clarke Massachusetts Institute of Technology 16.899 March 4, 2004

System Architecture Framework Source: crawley and de Weck System Manufacturin Regulation architecture g Operations Ilities Corporate Where? form strategy Structure Competition How When? Market Data Why? What function timing → needs→ goals concep Action +constraints Purpose Performance i Behavior Requirements Who? operator s Market sers Strategy Technology Training Outbound marketing strategy, sales Customer(s) Distribution can be Reliability, Servicability, Environmental Impact, Upgradeability, Flexibility, etc

Regulation Corporate strategy Competition Market Data Market Strategy Technology System architecture needs goals function +constraints form timing operator Training Outbound marketing strategy, Sales, Distribution Manufacturing, Operations, Illities* Why ? Purpose What ? Performance Requirements How ? Behavior Where? Structure When? Action Who? Users Customer(s) can be concept System Architecture Framework Source: Crawley and de Weck *Reliability, Servicability, Environmental Impact, Upgradeability, Flexibility,etc…

What is architecture? a Logical and physical embodiment of a system a Mechanism that v Shapes the functional and physical boundaries of the system V Governs the behavior and structure of the system

What is architecture? † Logical and physical embodiment of a system † Mechanism that È Shapes the functional and physical boundaries of the system È Governs the behavior and structure of the system

Why is architecture important? 日The“ right" architecture can: N Maximize system robustness v Maximize system flexibility V Minimize system complexity V Enable desirable behavior V Deter undesirable behavior 日 EXample(s) V An electrical circuit breaker limits the undesirable behavior that would result from a surge in the supply voltage

Why is architecture important? † The “right” architecture can: È Maximize system robustness È Maximize system flexibility È Minimize system complexity È Enable desirable behavior È Deter undesirable behavior † Example(s): È An electrical circuit breaker limits the undesirable behavior that would result from a surge in the supply voltage

How do we determine architecture? a Synthesis a Discovery 口 Chance

How do we determine architecture? † Synthesis † Discovery † Chance

Synthesis a Combining existing systems to satisfy stated needs a Requires logic and complete( or near complete)knowledge of existing systems 日 EXample(s) N Designing a mechanism to support a person who wants to cross "overa river or stream

Synthesis † Combining existing systems to satisfy stated needs † Requires logic and complete (or near complete) knowledge of existing systems † Example(s): È Designing a mechanism to support a person who wants to cross “over” a river or stream

Key question(s) for synthesis? a What functions do need to get the job done? a Is there a way to combine existing systems to do the desired functions without having too many extra functions and too much extra form? a What rules do I have to apply to do this?

Key question(s) for synthesis? † What functions do I need to get the job done? † Is there a way to combine existing systems to do the desired functions without having too many extra functions and too much extra form? † What rules do I have to apply to do this?

Discovery a Using knowledge of existing architecture to discover new architecture a Requires knowledge of existing systems and pattern recognition, analysis and abstraction skills 日 EXample(s) V Man learning how to fly V Disease and drug pathways

Discovery † Using knowledge of existing architecture to “discover” new architecture † Requires knowledge of existing systems and pattern recognition, analysis and abstraction skills † Example(s): È Man learning how to fly È Disease and drug pathways

Key question(s) for discovery? d Is there some analogous system in another domain a What are the properties of a given architecture that makes it perform so well for poorly)? Are there similar ( or better) ways to perform those functions?

Key question(s) for discovery? † Is there some analogous system in another domain? † What are the properties of a given architecture that makes it perform so well (or poorly)? † Are there similar (or better) ways to perform those functions?

Chance 口 Observing“ nature"and recognizing events d Requires pattern recognition skills and lots of luck 日 Example(s) V Discovery of synthetic rubber V First“ cave woman” to observe that two rocks struck together produces fire

Chance † Observing “nature” and recognizing “events” † Requires pattern recognition skills and lots of luck † Example(s): È Discovery of synthetic rubber È First “cave woman” to observe that two rocks struck together produces fire