《空中交通运输系统》（英文版）chapter 14 avionic cert2

MIT ICAT Altimetry Standard Atmosphere Referenced 日29.92 inches of Hg 口3014mb Pressure Altitude O Altitude of Pressure in Std Atmosphere a Used above reference Flight Level (FL180 in US) Density Altitude a Altitude of density in Std Atmosphere Used for performance(TO) Barometric altitude a Estimated altitude corrected for surface pressure D MSL Altitude above Mean Sea Level (QNH) Q AGL Altitude above Ground Level(QFE) Radar Altitude(Cat I and Il Approaches u 5 cm radar- normally only below 3000ft (Terrain Noise Cabin Altitude(Pressurization)

MIT ICAT Altimetry y Standard Atmosphere Referenced † 29.92 inches of Hg † 3014 mb y Pressure Altitude † Altitude of Pressure in Std Atmosphere † Used above reference Flight Level (FL180 in US) y Density Altitude † Altitude of density in Std Atmosphere † Used for performance (TO) y Barometric Altitude † Estimated altitude corrected for surface pressure † MSL Altitude above Mean Sea Level (QNH) † AGL Altitude above Ground Level (QFE) y Radar Altitude (Cat II and III Approaches) † 5 cm radar - normally only below 3000ft (Terrain Noise) y Cabin Altitude (Pressurization)

MIT ICAT Airspeed Pneumatic Measurement based on Dynamic Pressure 口 Pitot and static Indicated Airspeed a Indicated on Instrument a Measurement of pressure on Aircraft(ie Load) O Used for structural operating limits Calibrated Airspeed a Pitot-Static Errors calibrated out a Used for Flight test and performance Groundspeed a Achieved speed over ground Mach number a Requires Static Air Temperature

MIT ICAT Airspeed y Pneumatic Measurement based on Dynamic Pressure † Pitot and Static y Indicated Airspeed † Indicated on Instrument † Measurement of pressure on Aircraft (ie Load) † Used for structural operating limits y Calibrated Airspeed † Pitot-Static Errors Calibrated out † Used for Flight Test and Performance y Groundspeed † Achieved speed over ground y Mach Number † Requires Static Air Temperature

② MIT ICAT Air Data Sensors · Pitot tube □ Heated for de-Ice Static Port 口 Location sensitive a Typically 1/3 Back on Fuselage on Conventional aircraft a Bilateral with crosstie to avoid Side Slip errors 口 Water drain Alpha vane □ Heated for De-|ce TAT Probe a Inertial Separator for Water □ Heated for De-|ce

MIT ICAT Air Data Sensors y Pitot Tube † Heated for De-Ice y Static Port † Location Sensitive † Typically 1/3 Back on Fuselage on Conventional aircraft † Bilateral with crosstie to avoid Side Slip Errors † Water Drain y Alpha Vane † Heated for De-Ice y TAT Probe † Inertial Separator for Water † Heated for De-Ice

MIT ICAT Temperature Static Air Temperature Ram rise Total Air Temperature

MIT ICAT Temperature y Static Air Temperature y Ram Rise y Total Air Temperature

MIT ICAT Integrated Air Data Systems Air Data Computer a Compensates out Static System Errors 口 Citation Example Air Data Heading and Reference Systems(ADHARS)

MIT ICAT Integrated Air Data Systems y Air Data Computer † Compensates out Static System Errors † Citation Example y Air Data Heading and Reference Systems (ADHARS)

MIT ICAT Heading Magnetic Compass u Variation(Magnetic Deviation Q Deviation(Magnetic materials) ◆DC9 Example Q Compass Card(Calibrated with Radios and Equip on) Flux Gate Compass O Electronic Magnetic Compass Normally in Tail for deviation Gyro compass 口 Precession a Slaved Flux Gate · Turn Coordinator 日( Rate Gyro)

MIT ICAT Heading y Magnetic Compass † Variation (Magnetic Deviation † Deviation (Magnetic materials) ‹ DC9 Example † Compass Card (Calibrated with Radios and Equip on) y Flux Gate Compass † Electronic Magnetic Compass ‹ Normally in Tail for deviation y Gyro Compass † Precession † Slaved Flux Gate y Turn Coordinator † (Rate Gyro)

MIT ICAT Inertial Reference Unit Integrate acceleration from known position and velocity 口 Velocity 口 Position Need Heading 口 Gyros Mechanical Laser Can get Attitude a Artificial Horizon(PFD. HUD) Drift errors D IRU unusable in vertical direction (need baro alt) 日 flight Correction DME GPS Star Sighting for Space Vehicles Measurement Give Attitude also Z77 Analytical Redundancy

MIT ICAT Inertial Reference Unit y Integrate acceleration from known position and velocity † Velocity † Position y Need Heading † Gyros ‹ Mechanical ‹ Laser y Can get Attitude † Artificial Horizon (PFD. HUD) y Drift Errors † IRU unusable in vertical direction (need baro alt) † Inflight Correction ‹ DME ‹ GPS ‹ Star Sighting for Space Vehicles y Measurement Give Attitude Also y 777 Analytical Redundancy

MIT ICAT Communications Requirements a Communicate necessary information between formation elements and command node (lan and Air-Ground 口 Bandwidth 口Low- Observable? a Synchronous vs asynchronous Constraints 日 spectrum □ Antenna location echnologies 口 Radio ◆UHF,VHF,MMW a Optical ◆ Laser 口 Protocols

MIT ICAT Communications y Requirements † Communicate necessary information between formation elements and command node (LAN and Air-Ground) † Bandwidth † Low-Observable? † Synchronous vs asynchronous y Constraints † Spectrum † Antenna Location y Technologies † Radio ‹ UHF, VHF, MMW † Optical ‹ Laser † Protocols

MIT ICAT COMMUNICATION Voice 日VHF( line of sight 118.0-1350Mhz a..025 spacing in US, 0.083 spacing in Europe) UHF ◆230-400Mhz( guess) HF(over the horizon) Optical (secure Datalink Q ACARS (VHF)-VDL Mode 2 Q VDL Modes 3 and 4(split voice and data) Q HF Datalink(China and Selcal Geosynchronous(Inmarsatt ◆ Antenna Requirements LEO and MEo Networks Software radios Antenna Requirements

MIT ICAT COMMUNICATION y Voice † VHF (line of sight) ‹ 118.0-135.0 Mhz ‹ .025 spacing in US, 0.083 spacing in Europe) † UHF ‹ 230-400 Mhz (guess) † HF (over the horizon) † Optical (secure) y Datalink † ACARS (VHF) - VDL Mode 2 † VDL Modes 3 and 4 (split voice and data) † HF Datalink (China and Selcal) y Geosynchronous (Inmarsatt) ‹ Antenna Requirements y LEO and MEO Networks y Software Radios y Antenna Requirements

MIT ICAT Bandwidth Growth trend 1 Tbps 100 Gbps Potential RF Limit due 10 Gbps AFRL 1 Gbps BMDo◇ 100 Mbps g 10 Mbps 1 Mbl LINK 16 Source: DOD UAV 100 Kpbs Roadmap, 2000 o Kpbs ●LNK4 RF Data Link 1 Kpbs LINKs Optical Data Link 1950 1955 1960 1970 1990 2000 2010

MIT ICAT Bandwidth Growth Trend Source: DOD UAV Roadmap, 2000