化学专业英语《Chemistry English》课程教学资源（PPT课件）Lecture 10

During the reaction between chlorine and water, thechlorine is both oxidized and reduced. Such a reaction inwhich a substance is both oxidized and reduced is called a().(2)potential energy(3)racemate(5)conjugate redox pair(6)sulfurous acid吸热反应(11)偶极矩(12)(13)化学平衡(14)反应机理

1 (2) potential energy (3) racemate (5) conjugate redox pair (6) sulfurous acid (11) 吸热反应 (12) 偶极矩 (13) 化学平衡 (14) 反应机理 During the reaction between chlorine and water, the chlorine is both oxidized and reduced. Such a reaction in which a substance is both oxidized and reduced is called a ( )

Organic chemistry: introductionOrganic chemistry: introductionAgood organic answer:makes a statementgives an example or illustrates the statementexplains it using a theory or mechanismIt will be a factual statement about physical or chemicalproperties which is explained by theories and mechanisms thatyou have learnt in physical chemistry2

2 Organic chemistry: introduction A good organic answer: makes a statement gives an example or illustrates the statement explains it using a theory or mechanism Organic chemistry: introduction It will be a factual statement about physical or chemical properties which is explained by theories and mechanisms that you have learnt in physical chemistry

Organic chemistry: introductionTheoriese.g. Factslisted with an exampletheories and ideas usedPhysical properties such as:explained in terms ofstate and fixed pointsstructure and bonding;physical propertiese.g. chain lengthsolubilityChemical properties such as:explained in terms ofreactions with water,acid-base equilibriaacid, or basereactions with oxidizingexplained in terms ofredox equilibriaor reducing agentsexplained in terms ofreactions with nucleophilesfunctional group and itsand electrophilesreactive site and mechanism

3 Organic chemistry: introduction e.g. Facts Theories listed with an example theories and ideas used Physical properties such as: state and fixed points explained in terms of physical properties structure and bonding; solubility e.g. chain length Chemical properties such as: reactions with water, explained in terms of acid, or base acid-base equilibria reactions with oxidizing explained in terms of or reducing agents redox equilibria reactions with nucleophiles explained in terms of and electrophiles functional group and its reactive site and mechanism

Organic chemistry: introductionSOMEIMPORTANTTHEMESPhysical properties in similar compounds are controlled by chainlength.The length of the chain controls the number of atoms and so thenumber of electrons and so the strength of the van der Waalsforces between molecules.Chemical properties are controlled by the kind oflinks(functional groups ) in or joined to the chain: each functionalgroup has particular reactive sites.Each reactive site gives the substance particular propertiesTwo reactive sites next to each other modify each other4

4 Organic chemistry: introduction Physical properties in similar compounds are controlled by chain length. The length of the chain controls the number of atoms and so the number of electrons and so the strength of the van der Waals forces between molecules. Chemical properties are controlled by the kind of links (functional groups ) in or joined to the chain: each functional group has particular reactive sites. SOME IMPORTANT THEMES Two reactive sites next to each other modify each other. Each reactive site gives the substance particular properties

Organic chemistry:introductionThe type of carbon skeleton can change the properties of thereactive site so compare:Alkyl(烷基)chains and ringsacyl(酰基) chainsaryl(芳基) rings-HHHHOFHH6delocalisedC=C元system-H1CH3--CH2PHHOalltheelectronsNH2CH3the group attachedgand元—HHto the acyl carbonarelocalisedHacylchainismodified5

5 Organic chemistry: introduction Alkyl(烷基) chains and rings acyl(酰基) chains aryl(芳基) rings The type of carbon skeleton can change the properties of the reactive site so compare:

Organicchemistry:introductionWordsWords and Expressionsorganic chemistrymechanismreactive sitesfunctionalgroupthemecarbon skeletonchain lengthalkyl; alkyl chains and ringsacylaryl6

6 Organic chemistry: introduction Words organic chemistry mechanism reactive sites functional group theme carbon skeleton chain length alkyl; alkyl chains and rings acyl aryl Words and Expressions

Functional groups and naming in organic compoundsFunctionalgroups and naminginorganiccompoundsThe hydrocarbon part of an organic molecule is fairly unreactive,so the chemistry of organic compounds is often dominated byother atoms or groups of atoms joined to the chain. These atomsor groups of atoms, whose reactions dominate the chemistry ofthe molecule,are called functionalgroups7

7 Functional groups and naming in organic compounds The hydrocarbon part of an organic molecule is fairly unreactive, so the chemistry of organic compounds is often dominated by other atoms or groups of atoms joined to the chain. These atoms or groups of atoms, whose reactions dominate the chemistry of the molecule, are called functional groups. Functional groups and naming in organic compounds

FunctionalgroupsandnaminginorganiccompoundsNAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDSThe name consists of three parts:othe first part tells you the chain lengthicosa-1 carbon = meth- 5 carbons =pent-nona-deca-2 carbons = eth- 6 carbons = hex-undeca-3 carbons = prop- 7 carbons = hept-4 carbons = but-8 carbons = oct-dodeca- the second part tells you about the linking or bonding in the chain-an- means all single bonds in the carbon chain-en- means a double bond in the carbon chain-yn- means a triple bond in the chain. the last part tells you what functional group is joined to the chain-e means only hydrogen is joined to the chain-ol means an -OH; -amine means an -NH,-al means a carbonyl group on the end of the chain-one means a carbonyl group on the chain, but not at the end-oic acid means a carboxylic group on the chain8Numbers are used to give the position along the chain

8 Functional groups and naming in organic compounds NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The name consists of three parts: ●the first part tells you the chain length 1 carbon = meth- 5 carbons = pent- nona- icosa- 2 carbons = eth- 6 carbons = hex- deca- 3 carbons = prop- 7 carbons = hept- undeca- 4 carbons = but- 8 carbons = oct- dodeca- ● the second part tells you about the linking or bonding in the chain -an– means all single bonds in the carbon chain -en- means a double bond in the carbon chain -yn- means a triple bond in the chain ● the last part tells you what functional group is joined to the chain -e means only hydrogen is joined to the chain -ol means an –OH; -amine means an –NH2 -al means a carbonyl group on the end of the chain -one means a carbonyl group on the chain, but not at the end -oic acid means a carboxylic group on the chain Numbers are used to give the position along the chain

Functional groups and naming in organic compoundsSome common functionalgroupsName of thegroupType of compoundFormular or structure-OHAlcoholHydroxyl-HalHalideHalogeno-NH2AmineAminoo1CarbonylAldehydeC(at the end of the chain)Oor ketone(in the middle of the chain)CarboxylCarboxylic acid9

9 Functional groups and naming in organic compounds Name of the group Type of compound Formular or structure Hydroxyl Alcohol -OH Halogeno Halide -Hal Amino Amine -NH2 Carbonyl Aldehyde (at the end of the chain) or ketone (in the middle of the chain) Carboxyl Carboxylic acid Some common functional groups

FunctionalgroupsandnaminginorganiccompoundsExampleseth-an-al(acetaldehyde)two carbonsHOsingle bond in the chainHcarbonyl at the end of the chainHbut-an-oicacidHHfour carbonssingle bonds in the chaincarboxylic acid at the endHHprop-2-en-1-olHLthreecarbonsdoublebondinthechainHhydroxyl group at the endpent-an-2-onefive carbons2single bondsin the chaincarbonylonthesecondcarbon(the dashes between the separate parts of the name are left out unless numbersoare needed)

10 Functional groups and naming in organic compounds Examples eth-an-al(acetaldehyde) two carbons single bond in the chain carbonyl at the end of the chain but-an-oic acid four carbons single bondsin the chain carboxylic acid at the end prop-2-en-1-ol three carbons doublebond in the chain hydroxyl group at the end pent-an-2-one five carbons single bondsin the chain carbonyl on the second carbon (the dashes between the separate parts of the name are left out unless numbers are needed)