化学专业英语《Chemistry English》课程教学资源（PPT课件）Lecture 07

温度对反应速率的影响阿仑尼鸟斯公式Ea(9-9)k=AeRTArrheniusEa(9-10)Ink =-- + InART式公Ea(9-11)Igk+ IgA2.30RT式中k为反应速率常数，e为自然对数底，A为指前因子或频率因子，Ea为反应活化能，R为理想气体常数，T是热力学温度。可以近似认为Ea和A在一般温度范围内不随温度改变

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阿伦尼乌斯（1859～1927）Arrhenius，SvanteAugust瑞典化学家。1901年当选为瑞典皇家科学院院士。因创立电离学说而获1903年诺贝尔化学奖。1905年任斯德哥尔摩诺贝尔物理化学研究所所长。阿伦尼乌斯的最大贡献是1887年提出电离学说：电解质是溶于水中能形成导电溶液的物质：它是物理和化学之间的一座桥梁。阿伦尼乌斯的研究领域广泛。1889年提出活化分子和活化热概念，导出化学反应速率公式（阿伦尼乌斯方程）。他还研究过太阳系的成因、彗星的本性、北极光、天体的温度、冰川的成因等，并最先对血清疗法的机理作出化学上的解释。2

2 阿伦尼乌斯（1859～1927）Arrhenius，Svante August瑞典化学家。 1901年当选为瑞典皇家科学 院院士。因创立电离学说而获1903年诺贝尔化学 奖。 1905年任斯德哥尔摩诺贝尔物理化学研究所 所长。阿伦尼乌斯的最大贡献是1887年提出电离 学说：电解质是溶于水中能形成导电溶液的物质； 它是物理和化学之间的一座桥梁。阿伦尼乌斯的 研究领域广泛。1889年提出活化分子和活化热概 念，导出化学反应速率公式（阿伦尼乌斯方程）。 他还研究过太阳系的成因、彗星的本性、北极光、 天体的温度、冰川的成因等，并最先对血清疗法 的机理作出化学上的解释

Inorganic chemistry:introductionInorganic chemistry: introductionA good inorganic answer:makes a statementgives an example orillustrates the statementexplains it using a theoryIt will be a factual statement about physical or chemicalproperties which is explained by theories that you havelearnt in physical chemistry3

3 Inorganic chemistry:introduction Inorganic chemistry: introduction A good inorganic answer: makes a statement gives an example or illustrates the statement explains it using a theory It will be a factual statement about physical or chemical properties which is explained by theories that you have learnt in physical chemistry

Inorganic chemistry:introductione.g. FactsTheorieslisted with an exampletheories andideas usedPhysical properties such as:state and fixed points (m.p.or b.p.)explained in terms ofmetal or non-metalstructure and bondingconductor orinsulatorhard or softductile or brittleChemical properties:explained in terms ofreactions with water,acid,or baseacid-base equilibriareactions with metals: Na, Mg, Fe, Cuexplainedin terms ofand non-metals: O2, Cl2redox equilibriareactions with ammonia, chloride orexplainedin terms offluorideions, etc.complexion equilibriabehaviorin solventsexplainedinterms ofsolubility equilibria

4 Inorganic chemistry:introduction e.g. Facts listed with an example Physical properties such as: state and fixed points (m.p.or b.p.) metal or non-metal conductor or insulator hard or soft ductile or brittle Chemical properties: reactions with water, acid , or base reactions with metals: Na, Mg, Fe, Cu and non-metals: O2’ Cl2 reactions with ammonia, chloride or fluoride ions, etc. behavior in solvents Theories theories and ideas used explained in terms of structure and bonding explained in terms of acid-base equilibria explained in terms of redox equilibria explained in terms of complex ion equilibria explained in terms of solubility equilibria

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Inorganic chemistry:introductionThe key to all inorganic chemistry is the periodictable.Itspatterns help you to learn the facts and to explain them.0GroupHeHhefiun56734hydrogon212FBNNeCLiBe2boronfuorinereoncarbonnitrogenarygenithiumberylium10oO8PSCIArAISiNaMg3chiorinesilconsulphurargonaluniniunphesphorustransition metalssodummagnesium1710151618141211KrSeBrZnGaGeAsNiCuVCrMnFeCoKTiCaSozincbrominekryptonAccbatnickelgellumarsenicseleniumironcopperchromiumtitaniumvanadummanganesepotassiumcalciumscandiurm323334353625262728293031242122231920SbTe1XeCdPdInSnYTcRuRhAgSrZrNbMoRb5iodinexenon4talluriunpaladiumsilvercadmiumindumantimomylechnetumrutheniumrhodumzirconiumniobiummolybdenurytriumrubidsumstrontium544750515253484942434445464041393738PbPoAtRnBiPtAu个ReOsIrHgHfTaWBaCsLaladradon6bismuthpoloniumastatineiridiumplatinumgoldmercuryhaSuntheniunosmiumhatniumtantalumtungstenbarumanthanuncaesium828384858680777879817475765773725556FrRaAc7tranclumradumactinium898788ErGdDyHoTmYbLuSmEuTbNdPmCePrthuliumholmiumerbiumytorbiumlutefiumterbiumgadoliniumdysprosiumpraseooymiunneodymiunpromettiunsamariumeuropiumcerium6971666768706465596061626358LrNoBkCfEsFmMdCmPaUPuAmThNpawrenciulermiummerdeleviumnobeliumcuriumberkaliumcalitorniumeinsteinumthoriumplutoniumamericiumuraniunneptuniumprotactiniun10399100101102959697989192939490

6 Inorganic chemistry:introduction The key to all inorganic chemistry is the periodic table. Its patterns help you to learn the facts and to explain them

IA02Periodic TableHHeIIAIAIVAYAYIAYIAC10of Elements2BCLiBeOFNNe12141517181316Si3PSNaMgCIAIArIBIVBVIBYIBVIlIBIBVB222629A19202123242527283031323435364TiLKScCrFeCoNicuZnSeCaMnGaGeASBrKr403738394142434454748525354464950S5ZrRbSrYNbMoRuRhPdCdSnSbTeTCAgInXe25573福福5657747576777879808485866HFTaWTICsBaLaReIrPtPbBiAtAnOsAUPoHg105878889104106107108109110FRaPHa06+AC0O091116062636566768695859616470*Lanthanide11CePrNdSmEuEGdTbDyHoYbTmSeriesLu9069598O9394969799100101102103+ActinideUThPaSeriesLegend - click to find out more...Li-solidBr-liquidH-gasTc-syntheticTransitionMetalsRareEarth MetalsHalogensNon-MetalsOtherMetalsAlkaliMetalsAlkaliEarthMetalsInertElements

漢2n7YRanr!R之4A大6RNDraftforAROGaR.Xi3ytceAafirstL-7我如CsR4.00etrversionof3-8CrntutgMendeleevAh.s periodicCononfuPtaaob-eBntable(17Begsrt4FebruaryAulAaAY21869)TM7T化CourtesyaDOesper16onCollection,LSa江University of4Fe.A-htLc粥：Cincinnatiht.“电离学说不过是一种奇谈怪论，不值一提。它和燃8素学说一样，肯定会破产的

8 Draft for first version of Mendeleev' s periodic table (17 February 1869). Courtesy Oesper Collection, University of Cincinnati. “电离学说不过是一种奇谈怪论，不值一提。它和燃 素学说一样，肯定会破产的

Inorganicchemistry:introductionWordsWordsand Expressionsillustrate: explain or clarify by examples, diagrams,picturesPeriodic table:group, period, transition metals9

9 Inorganic chemistry:introduction Words illustrate: explain or clarify by examples, diagrams, pictures Periodic table: group, period, transition metals Words and Expressions

Periodic patternsPeriodic patternsPATTERN.METALNON-METALTRENDSMetalsNon-metalsinsulatephysical conductphysicalbrittleductile/malleablechemical basic oxideschemicalacidic oxidesreducing agentsoxidizingagentsform cationsform anions10

10 Periodic patterns Metals physical conduct ductile/malleable chemical basic oxides reducing agents form cations Non- metals physical insulate brittle chemical acidic oxides oxidizing agents form anions PATTERN 1. METAL/NON-METAL TRENDS Periodic patterns