美国麻省理工大学：《结构力学》英文版 Unit 1 Introduction and Design Overview

MT-1620 al.2002 Unit 1 Introduction and Design Overview Paul A Lagace, Ph. D Professor of aeronautics Astronautics and Engineering Systems Paul A Lagace @2001

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Unit 1 Introduction and Design Overview Paul A. Lagace, Ph.D. Professor of Aeronautics & Astronautics and Engineering Systems Paul A. Lagace © 2001

MT-1620 al.2002 Need to study structural mechanics to design properly to prevent failure There is no doubt that any of the disciplines of Aeronautics and Astronautics can contribute to an accident -engine failure etc But, the vast majority of non-human induced accidents is due to structural material) failure(ultimately Purpose of 16.20: Provide you with the tools to properly Design"Aerospace Structures"to assure"structural integrity (i.e, it doesnt fail) Note, 16.20 mainly oriented in past to aircraft structures because that is where the main experience lies. We will try to generalize and show examples for space structures Paul A Lagace @2001 Unit 1 -p 2

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Need to study structural mechanics to design properly to prevent failure There is no doubt that any of the disciplines of Aeronautics and Astronautics can contribute to an accident -engine failure -etc. But, the vast majority of non-human induced accidents is due to structural (material) failure (ultimately). Purpose of 16.20: Provide you with the tools to properly Design “Aerospace Structures” to assure “structural integrity” (i.e., it doesn’t fail) Note, 16.20 mainly oriented in past to aircraft structures because that is where the main experience lies. We will try to generalize and show examples for space structures. Paul A. Lagace © 2001 Unit 1 - p. 2

MT-1620 al.2002 Aeronautics and Astronautics deal with three major categories of structures 1. Aircraft(atmospheric vehicles 2 Launch vehicles 3. Space structures (partially a civil engineering task? Note: Transatmospheric vehicles can be combinations of 1 and 2 .. the shuttle is IMPORTANT: Many of the design considerations for these three categories are different, but the same techniques and concepts are used to analyze the structures(basically) In fact, except for special design considerations, the techniques used for all structures are basically the same Paul A Lagace @2001 Unit 1 -p 3

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Aeronautics and Astronautics deal with three major categories of structures: 1. Aircraft (atmospheric vehicles) 2. Launch vehicles 3. Space structures (partially a civil engineering task?) (Note: Transatmospheric vehicles can be combinations of 1 and 2…the Shuttle is!) IMPORTANT: Many of the design considerations for these three categories are different, but the same techniques and concepts are used to analyze the structures (basically) In fact, except for special design considerations, the techniques used for all structures are basically the same: Paul A. Lagace © 2001 Unit 1 - p. 3

MT-1620 al.2002 Structure type Possible considerations Buildings Ships Cars Space stations Airplanes The difference is often in the degree of refinement of the structural analysis ( generally more refined in A& A! We will teach basic techniques and concepts and use specific examples. But, the technique may apply to another structural type as well EXample:(aircraft to space station) Fuselage -> space station living habitat(pressurized cylinders Paul A Lagace @2001 Unit 1-p. 4

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Structure type Possible considerations Buildings Ships Cars Space stations Airplanes • • • The difference is often in the degree of refinement of the structural analysis (generally more refined in A & A!) ÆWe will teach basic techniques and concepts and use specific examples. But, the technique may apply to another structural type as well. Example: (aircraft to space station) Fuselage --> space station living habitat (pressurized cylinders) Paul A. Lagace © 2001 Unit 1 - p. 4

MT-1620 al.2002 Overview of Structural design Process (Review from U.E. Purpose: Assure"structural integrity"while minimizing cost In aerospace structures, cost often means weight Why? Saving a pound of weight means more payload(extra passengers, more satellites fuel(longer distance, longer duration via extended station keeping Amount industries(civilian)are willing to pay to save a pound of weight Satellites 10,000-$20,000( N/o servicing) Transport aircraft 100-$200 General aircraft 25 Automobile ~9000 Paul A Lagace @2001 Unit 1 -p 5

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Overview of Structural Design Process (Review from U.E.) Purpose: Assure “structural integrity” while minimizing cost In aerospace structures, cost often means weight. Why? Saving a pound of weight means more - payload (extra passengers, more satellites) - fuel (longer distance, longer duration via extended station keeping) • • • Amount industries (civilian) are willing to pay to save a pound of weight: Satellites $10,000 - $20,000 (w/o servicing) Transport Aircraft $100 - $200 General Aircraft $25 Automobile ∼ $0.00 Paul A. Lagace © 2001 Unit 1 - p. 5

MT-1620 al.2002 Sometimes willing to pay for performance (military, FWC... polar orbit) Factors in determining cost Material cost Waste amount Manufacturing Subassemblylassembly Durability and maintenance Useful life An engineer must consider all these. In 16.20 we will focus on structural integrity and methods to assess such Definition of structural integrity. Capability of a structure to carry out the operation for which it was designed.” Paul A Lagace @2001 Unit 1 -p 6

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Sometimes willing to pay for performance (military, FWC…polar orbit) Factors in determining cost • Material cost • Waste amount • Manufacturing • Subassembly/assembly • Durability and maintenance • Useful life An engineer must consider all these. In 16.20 we will focus on “structural integrity” and methods to assess such. Definition of structural integrity: “Capability of a structure to carry out the operation for which it was designed.” Paul A. Lagace © 2001 Unit 1 - p. 6

MT-1620 al.2002 Many aspects Required loads Required deformations Corrosion resistance(e.g, no penetration on pressure vessels) Many aspects to failure"(we will discuss later) Paul A Lagace @2001 Unit 1-p. 7

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Many aspects • Required loads • Required deformations • Corrosion resistance (e.g., no penetration on pressure vessels) Many aspects to “failure” (we will discuss later) Paul A. Lagace © 2001 Unit 1 - p. 7

MT-1620 al.2002 Design Process 1. Design restrictions/specifications 2. Determine applied loads and operating environment to which structure is subjected 3. Layout structural arrangement, select materials size components 4. Determine internal stresses and deflections 5. Determine capability of structure to carry loads (of box 2) subject to design restrictions(of box Manufacturing Maintenance considered throughout Paul A Lagace @2001 Unit 1-p. 8

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Design Process 5. Determine capability of structure to carry loads (of box 2) subject to design restrictions (of box 1) 4. 3. size components 2. environment to which structure is subjected 1. 2 1 Manufacturing & Maintenance considered throughout Determine internal stresses and deflections Layout structural arrangement, select materials, Determine applied loads and operating Design restrictions/specifications Paul A. Lagace © 2001 Unit 1 - p. 8

MT-1620 al.2002 Iterative loops Big loop(2 ) May find there is no way to attain what was asked for ·Loop Go through this all the time. Get more and more specific on design each time Use more refined techniques each time Iterate to get most efficient structure #1 usually given fromabove #2 tells us what we need to consider in1620 Learn to do #4 and #5 Use knowledge attained in 16.20 and by doing #4 a number of times to think about #3 Current use of IPTs. customers involved Paul A Lagace @2001 Unit 1 -p 9

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002 Iterative loops • Big loop 2 : May find there is no way to attain what was asked for • Loop 1 : Go through this all the time. Get more and more specific on design each time - Use more refined techniques each time - Iterate to get most efficient structure • #1 usually given from “above” • #2 tells us what we need to consider in 16.20 • Learn to do #4 and #5 • Use knowledge attained in 16.20 and by doing #4 a number of times to think about #3 Current use of IPT’s…customers involved Paul A. Lagace © 2001 Unit 1 - p. 9