《人类监控自动化系统》英文版 The Coming Transition in Automobile Cockpits

The Coming Transition in Automobile Cockpits Insights from Aerospace Prof r, John Hansman Department of Aeronautics Astronautics

The Coming Transition in Automobile Cockpits - Insights from Aerospace Prof. R. John Hansman Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics

Evolution of Cockpit Displays Concorde.. EA-6B L-1011 0F-18 c50 0757/767 C-141 A310C17 C130 17 Constellation Wright Ford Tri-Motor 19001910192019301940195019601970198019902000 Time

Evolution of Cockpit Displays

Software Growth in Aircraft Total Airplan Signals, Digital, B747400 Analog Words 50000 ◆ Empirical Data FBW Correction 25000 B757767-200 B420 Software size doubles every 18 months Compensating for"FBW offset reduces doubling to 33 months

Software Growth in Aircraft B757/767-200 B777-200 B747-400 B747-200 0 25000 50000 75000 100000 125000 150000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Total Airplane Signals, Digital, Analog Words Empirical Data Extrapolation FBW Correction • Software size doubles every 18 months • Compensating for “FBW offset” reduces doubling to 33 months

Hypothesis We are entering a period of significant change in automobile Human-Machine Interaction driven by Information Technologies Automobiles will undergo a change more substantial than the change in aircraft from steam gauge"to " glass cockpits

Hypothesis • We are entering a period of significant change in automobile Human-Machine Interaction driven by Information Technologies • Automobiles will undergo a change more substantial than the change in aircraft from “steam gauge” to “glass cockpits

Car/Aircraft Comparison Market 少 Capital investment(Ro to- Consumer product Number of vehicles(US) 300000 200,0000 Safety(US) 663 fatalities(1998 41,000 fatalities(1997) Threat response time constant y Order 5-60 sec Order 1 sec Hazard density r Low, 3-D collision(vehicle, terrain, animal), WX o-o High, 2-D collision(vehicle, object, person, animal,. System complexity High to o- Med/low

Car / Aircraft Comparison • Market Capital investment (ROI) Consumer product • Number of vehicles (US) 300,000 200,000,000 • Safety (US) 663 fatalities (1998) 41,000 fatalities (1997) • Threat response time constant Order 5-60 sec. Order 1 sec. • Hazard density Low, 3-D collision (vehicle, terrain, animal), WX High, 2-D collision (vehicle, object, person, animal, …) • System complexity High Med/low

Car/ Aircraft Comparison(cont Operator selectivity/training/medical +High LoW Tracking precision(Heading) H Order 5 o- Order1° Recurrent training 以Y Oo- No Operations procedure Yes No Impaired operators(Alcohol, Drugs □0rer10710 Order1104·105

Car / Aircraft Comparison (cont.) • Operator selectivity/training/medical High Low • Tracking precision (Heading) Order 5° Order 1° • Recurrent training Yes No • Operations procedure Yes No • Impaired operators (Alcohol, Drugs) Order 1/10 7 - 10 9 Order 1/10 4 - 10 5

Aerospace Systems Applicable to Cars Control systems Navigation systems ABS GPS, DGPS Stability augmentation IRS/GPS Fly by Wire/Light(FBW, FBL Situation awareness displays Integrity Concerns(eg 777) Moving map Critical software systems Database Fault tolerant systems Caution and Warning Head up displays(HUD) Systems Helmet mounted displays Collision Alerting Systems (HMD) Tactile alerting Synthetic Vision Systems Stick shaker Sensor Fusion · Master caution Hands on throttle and stick Information accessibility Maintenance Diagnostics (HOTAS) Dark cockpit

Aerospace Systems Applicable to Cars • Control systems – ABS – Stability augmentation • Fly by Wire/Light (FBW,FBL) – Integrity Concerns (eg 777) • Critical software systems • Fault tolerant systems • Head up displays (HUD) • Helmet mounted displays (HMD) • Synthetic Vision Systems • Sensor Fusion • Hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS) • Dark cockpit • Navigation systems – GPS, DGPS – IRS/GPS • Situation awareness displays – Moving map – Database • Caution and Warning Systems • Collision Alerting Systems • Tactile alerting – Stick shaker • Master caution – Information accessibility – Maintenance Diagnostics

Example: Phase Carrier Differential ePsin automobiles 5em Demonstrate Slip Angle measureme na Perfor ce Evaluaticha el unary Testing IsSu: ghuynamic Envi gh ek" Stat With Prof. Jon How Dept of Aeronautics Astronautics

Example:Phase Carrier Differential GPS in Automobiles • High Precision (5 cm) – Demonstrated in UAV Applications • Slip Angle Measurement – Dual Antenna • Performance Evaluation • Preliminary Testing Issues – High Dynamic Environment – High “Jerk” States With Prof. Jon How Dept of Aeronautics & Astronautics

Track Hardware layout Two 2 GPS antennas were mounted on the car to form a single baseline Data-Linc Group(SRM6000)Modem antenna also attached to roll bar Real-time communication with ground station

Track Hardware Layout • Two 2 GPS antennas were mounted on the car to form a single baseline • Data-Linc Group (SRM6000) Modem antenna also attached to roll bar – Real-time communication with ground station

MIT Run results ← Medium Speed Sp 20 Start/ Stop Points(please zoom in) 10

MIT Run Results