《心理学》课程教学课件（PPT讲稿，英文版）Pavlov and Waston）

Chapter 4 Behavioral learning Theories Classical Conditioning ●4.2.1 Ivan petrovich Pavlov: Sep 144 1849 Feb27,1936 W Place of birth: ryazan (Russia) k Education: Studied medicine at st Petersburg(Russia)

Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories: Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov:Sep.14, 1849 – Feb.27, 1936 ＊Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) ＊ Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia)

Chapter 4 Behavioral learning Theories 0.2 Classical Conditioning X Affiliation: Institute of Experimental Medicine st Petersburg(Professor from 1890; Director from 1902); Military Medical Academy, St Petersburg Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion In 1904. he won nobel prize for his work on the physiology of digestion. x Definitive work: Lectures on Conditioned reflexes (1926)

Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories ⚫ 4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ ＊ Affiliation: Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg (Professor from 1890; Director from 1902); Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion In 1904,he won Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion. ＊Definitive work: Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes (1926)

Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories 4.2 Classical conditioning 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ● X experiments: o Prior to training: US(meat) produces UR(salivation), neutral stimulus(bell)does not produce any salivation. US-UR o During training: the bell is rung when the meat is presented The formerly neutral stimulus became a Cs(CSUS UR)

Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories ⚫ 4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊experiments: ⚫ Prior to training: US(meat) produces UR(salivation), neutral stimulus(bell) does not produce any salivation.(US UR) ⚫ During training:the bell is rung when the meat is presented. The formerly neutral stimulus became a CS. (CS US UR)

4.2 Classical Conditioning 0 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts o After training: presenting Cs(ringing the bell) produces Cr(salivation) o UR and cr are always the same kind of response. The magnitude of the cr is always less than that of the ur x experimental extinction: when a cs no longer elicits a Cr, experimental extinction is said to occurr lt results when the cs is presented to the organism and is not followed by reinforcement(UCS)

4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ After training: presenting CS(ringing the bell) produces CR(salivation) ⚫ UR and CR are always the same kind of response.The magnitude of the CR is always less than that of the UR ⚫ ＊experimental extinction: when a CS no longer elicits a CR, experimental extinction is said to occurr.It results when the CS is presented to the organism and is not followed by reinforcement(UCS)

4.2 Classical Conditioning o 4.2.2 Main ideas and concept ts x Spontaneous recovery: after a period of time following extinction, if the cs is again presented to the animal, the cr will temporarily reappear. x Higher-order conditioning: Cs(light) CR(salivation). A new Cs(buzzer) o the original cs(ight). The buzzer) CR(Salivation). o UCS is called a primary reinforcer. Cs is called secondary reinforcer

4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊Spontaneous recovery: after a period of time following extinction, if the CS is again presented to the animal, the CR will temporarily reappear. ⚫ ＊Higher-order conditioning: CS(light) ⚫ CR(salivation). A new CS(buzzer) ⚫ the original CS(light). The buzzer) CR(salivation). ⚫ UCS is called a primary reinforcer. CS is called secondary reinforcer

Question about higher-order conditioning o Do you think it is possible to go beyond the third-order conditioning

Question about higher-order conditioning ⚫ Do you think it is possible to go beyond the third-order conditioning?

4.2 Classical Conditioning o 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts o X Generalization: If we developed a CR for a special Cs(2000-cps(cycles per second) tone), some new Cs(higher frequency than 2000-cps or lower than 2000-cps)will also cause the original cr o The rule for generalization is the greater similarity to the original cs, the greater the magnitude of the cr

4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊Generalization: If we developed a CR for a special CS(2000-cps(cycles per second) tone), some new CS(higher frequency than 2000-cps or lower than 2000-cps) will also cause the original CR. ⚫ The rule for generalization is the greater similarity to the original CS, the greater the magnitude of the CR

4.2 Classical Conditioning ●CR lower than 2000cps 2000cps higher than 2000cps

4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ CR ⚫ lower than 2000cps 2000cps higher than 2000cps

4.2 Classical Conditioning 0 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts 火 Generalization: o Questions: (l)What is the relationship between Pavlov's concept of generalization and Thorndike's explanation of the transfer of training? o(2)What is the distinction between Thorndike's spread of effect and pavlovs generalization?

4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊Generalization: ⚫ Questions: (1)What is the relationship between Pavlov’s concept of generalization and Thorndike’s explanation of the transfer of training? ⚫ (2) What is the distinction between Thorndike’s spread of effect and Pavlov’s generalization?

4.2 Classical Conditioning o 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts x Discrimination(opposite of generalization ): It refers to the tendency to respond to a very restricted range of stimuli or to only the one used during training. o The greater the amount of training, the more discrimination o Question: What's the implication of generalization and discrimination

4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊Discrimination(opposite of generalization): It refers to the tendency to respond to a very restricted range of stimuli or to only the one used during training. ⚫ The greater the amount of training, the more discrimination. ⚫ Question: What’s the implication of generalization and discrimination?