《国外有机化学》 英文版 Chapter 1 Introduction and review

Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition L.G. Wade. Jr Chapter 1 Introduction and review Jo blackburn Richland college, dallas TX Dallas County Community College District c 2003. Prentice hall

Chapter 1 Introduction and Review Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District © 2003, Prentice Hall

Definitions ·Od:" derived from living organisms” New: chemistry of carbon compounds From inorganic to organic Wohler 1828 heat NH4 OCN hon-C-NH urea Chapter 1

Chapter 1 2 Definitions • Old: “derived from living organisms” • New: “chemistry of carbon compounds” • From inorganic to organic, Wöhler, 1828 heat NH4 + OCN - H2 N C NH2 O urea =>

Atomic structure protons, neutrons, and electrons isotopes C 14 C > Chapter 1

Chapter 1 3 Atomic Structure • protons, neutrons, and electrons • isotopes C 12 6 6 C 14 =>

Atomic orbitals electron distance from distance from the rom the density the nucleus nucleus nucleus plane 2s orbital(spherical) Chapter 1

Chapter 1 4 Atomic Orbitals 2s orbital (spherical) 2p orbital =>

Electronic Confiqurations Autbau principle Relative orbital energies Place electrons in 122个2p,-272 lowest energy orbital first 2s ·Hund' s rule energy Equal energy orbitals are half filled. then filled Chapter 1

Chapter 1 5 Electronic Configurations • Aufbau principle: Place electrons in lowest energy orbital first. • Hund’s rule: Equal energy orbitals are half￾filled, then filled.    => 

Table 1-1 TABLE I-I Electronic Configurations of the Elements of the First and Second rows Element Configuration Valence electrons H He L i Be 2 B 222p12 N 2 122p2 s2-2p22 212345678 F Is"25"2p:2p: 2p Chapter 1

Chapter 1 6 Table 1-1 =>

Bond formation Ionic bonding: electrons are transferred Covalent bonding: electron pair is shared H H C:: Nat Cl: nonpolaR polar ionic bond covalent bond covalent bond Chapter 1

Chapter 1 7 Bond Formation • Ionic bonding: electrons are transferred. • Covalent bonding: electron pair is shared. =>

Lewis structures Bonding electrons Nonbonding electrons or lone pairs H H—C-O Satisfy the octet rule Chapter 1

Chapter 1 8 Lewis Structures • Bonding electrons • Nonbonding electrons or lone pairs Satisfy the octet rule! => C H H H O H

Multiple Bonding C: C C::O H: C: C: H H or or or H HH H C=C C=O.H一C≡C—H H H ethylene formaldehyde acetylene Chapter 1

Chapter 1 9 Multiple Bonding =>

Dipole moment Amount of electrical charge x bond length Charge separation shown by electrostatic potential map (EPm Red indicates a partially negative region and blue indicates a partially positive region C=C H Chapter 1 10

Chapter 1 10 Dipole Moment • Amount of electrical charge x bond length. • Charge separation shown by electrostatic potential map (EPM). • Red indicates a partially negative region and blue indicates a partially positive region. C C H H H H =>