《国外有机化学》 英文版 Chapter 3 Structure and Stereochemistry of alkanes

Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition L.G. Wade. jr Chapter 3 Structure and Stereochemistry of alkanes Jo blackburn Richland college, dallas TX Dallas county community college district C 2003. Prentice hall

Chapter 3 Structure and Stereochemistry of Alkanes Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition L. G. Wade, Jr. Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District © 2003, Prentice Hall

Alkane formulas All C-C single bonds Saturated with hydrogens ·Rato:C.H n2n+ 2 Alkane homologs: CH3(CH2),CH3 Same ratio for branched alkanes H HhH H H—C-H H—C-C-C—C-H H H H-C-C--C-H HHH H H H H Butane, C 4H10 hapter 3 Isobutane, C4H10

Chapter 3 2 Alkane Formulas • All C-C single bonds • Saturated with hydrogens • Ratio: CnH2n+2 • Alkane homologs: CH3 (CH2 )nCH3 • Same ratio for branched alkanes H C H C H H C H H C H H H H Butane, C 4H10 => H C H C C H H H C H H H H H Isobutane, C 4H10

Common names Isobutane.“ isomer of butane” Isopentane, isohexane, etc, methyl branch on next-to-ast carbon in chain Neopentane, most highly branched Five possible isomers of hexane, 18 isomers of octane and 75 for decane! => Chapter 3

Chapter 3 3 Common Names • Isobutane, “isomer of butane” • Isopentane, isohexane, etc., methyl branch on next-to-last carbon in chain. • Neopentane, most highly branched • Five possible isomers of hexane, 18 isomers of octane and 75 for decane! =>

Pentanes H HHhh H H—C—H H—C—C—C—C—C—H H HH HHhh H H-C-C-C-C-H HH H n-pentane, C5H12 Isopentane, C sH12 CH3 H3C一C-CH3 CH neopentane, C 5H12 Chapter 3

Chapter 3 4 Pentanes H C H C H H C H H C H C H H H H H n-pentane, C5 H12 H C H C C H H C H H H H H C H H H isopentane, C 5 H12 => C CH3 H3C CH3 CH3 neopentane, C 5H12

IUPAC Names Find the longest continuous carbon chain Number the carbons, starting closest to the first branch Name the groups attached to the chain using the carbon number as the locator Alphabetize substituents Use di-, tri-, etc for multiples of same substituent Chapter 3

Chapter 3 5 IUPAC Names • Find the longest continuous carbon chain. • Number the carbons, starting closest to the first branch. • Name the groups attached to the chain, using the carbon number as the locator. • Alphabetize substituents. • Use di-, tri-, etc., for multiples of same substituent. =>

Longest Chain The number of carbons in the longest chain determines the base name ethane, hexane. Listed in Table 3.2 page 81 If there are two possible chains with the same number of carbons use the chain With the most substituents CH-CH2-CH 3 CH H3 C-CH2- C—CH-→CH2CH2CH3 CH Chapter 3

Chapter 3 6 Longest Chain • The number of carbons in the longest chain determines the base name: ethane, hexane. (Listed in Table 3.2, page 81.) • If there are two possible chains with the same number of carbons, use the chain with the most substituents. C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 H3C H3C =>

Number the carbons Start at the end closest to the first attached group If two substituents are equidistant, look for the next closest group CHa CH 34 H3C--CH-CH-CH2--CH2-CH-CH3 CH2CH Chapter 3

Chapter 3 7 Number the Carbons • Start at the end closest to the first attached group. • If two substituents are equidistant, look for the next closest group. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H3 C CH CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3 CH3 =>

Name Alkyl Groups CH3", methyl CH3CH2-", ethyl CH CH3--CH-CH CH3CH2CH2-", n-propyl ISObEL CH3CH2CH2CH2", n-butyl CH CH3-CH-CH2 CH3--CH-CH2-CH3 H3C-C-CH3 isopropyl sec-but tert-butyl hapter 3

Chapter 3 8 Name Alkyl Groups • CH3 -, methyl • CH3CH2 -, ethyl • CH3CH2CH2 -, n-propyl • CH3CH2CH2CH2 -, n-butyl CH3 CH CH2 CH3 sec-butyl CH3 CH CH3 CH2 isobutyl CH3 CH CH3 isopropyl H3 C C CH3 CH3 tert-butyl =>

Propyl Groups HH H HH H H_C-C_C-H H—C—C—C—H HH H HHH n-propyl Isopropyl A primary carbon a secondary carbon hapter 3

Chapter 3 9 Propyl Groups C H H H C H H C H H H n-propyl C H H H C H C H H H isopropyl H A primary carbon A secondary carbon =>

Butyl Groups HHH H HHH H H—C-C-C-C—HH—C-C-C-C-H HHH H H HH n-butyl sec-bu a primary carbon a secondary carbon hapter 3 10

Chapter 3 10 Butyl Groups C H H H C H C H H C H H H C H H H C H C H H H C H H n-butyl sec-butyl H H A primary carbon A secondary carbon =>