《英语词汇学》（英文版） English Lexicology (II)

English Lexicology (In) Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed

“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” English Lexicology (II)

Contents 5. Word-Formation I: the Major Processes LD 6. Word-Formation II: the Minor Processes D 7 Motivation To be continued 2005 IE YEAR O ANGUAGES

English Lexicology(II) 2 Contents ◼ 5. Word-Formation I: the Major Processes ◼ 6. Word-Formation II: the Minor Processes ◼ 7. Motivation To be continued

Chapter 5 Word-Formation 1: The Major Processes 5.1 General Remarks 5.2 Prefixation 5.3 Suffixation 5. 4 Conversion 5.5 Compounding

Chapter 5 Word-Formation I: The Major Processes 5.1 General Remarks 5.2 Prefixation 5.3 Suffixation 5.4 Conversion 5.5 Compounding

5.1 General remarks 求 The three major processes affixation or derivation (17.5%) Prefixation suffixation conversion(10.5%) composition or compounding(27%) 米 English Lexicology (m)

English Lexicology(II) 4 5.1 General Remarks ◼ The three major processes ◼ affixation or derivation (17.5%) ◼ Prefixation ◼ suffixation ◼ conversion (10.5%) ◼ composition or compounding (27%)

5.2 Prefixation 求 The definition of prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning However, there is an insignificant number of class- changing prefixes Non-class- changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike fair unfair Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form deform, little -belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege 米 English Lexicology (m)

English Lexicology(II) 5 5.2 Prefixation ◼ The definition of prefixation ◼ Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class￾changing prefixes ◼ Non-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair￾unfair ◼ Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form￾deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege

5.2 Prefixation 求 The classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes(and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories 米 English Lexicology (m)

English Lexicology(II) 6 5.2 Prefixation ◼ The classification of prefixes ◼ In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:

5.2 Prefixation 求 1)Negative prefixes a-lan.amoral, asexual, atheism, anacid, anarchy, dis. dishonest, discontent, discover, disobey, disagree in- Incomplete, inconsistent, incorrect, invulnerable, illogical, illegal, impolite, immoral, imbalance, irrational irregular non.nonviolent, non-cooperation, nonautomatic, nonadjustable nonalcoholic un- uninformative, unexpected, unease, unrest 米 English Lexicology (Ir)

English Lexicology(II) 7 5.2 Prefixation ◼ 1) Negative prefixes a-/an- amoral, asexual, atheism, anacid, anarchy, dis- dishonest, discontent, discover, disobey, disagree in- Incomplete, inconsistent, incorrect, invulnerable, illogical, illegal, impolite, immoral, imbalance, irrational, irregular non- nonviolent, non-cooperation, nonautomatic, nonadjustable, nonalcoholic un- uninformative, unexpected, unease, unrest

5.2 Prefixation 求 Order Disorder Literate Illiterate Symmetry Asymmetry Governmental Nongovernmental Relevant Irrelevant Productive Unproductive Believable a Un believable Vulnerable Invulnerable Sane Insane Related Unrelated Aligned nonaligned Mature Immature 米 English Lexicology (m) 8

English Lexicology(II) 8 5.2 Prefixation ◼ Order ◼ Literate ◼ Symmetry ◼ Governmental ◼ Relevant ◼ Productive ◼ Believable ◼ Vulnerable ◼ Sane ◼ Related ◼ Aligned ◼ Mature ◼ Disorder ◼ Illiterate ◼ Asymmetry ◼ Nongovernmental ◼ Irrelevant ◼ Unproductive ◼ Unbelievable ◼ Invulnerable ◼ Insane ◼ Unrelated ◼ Nonaligned ◼ Immature

5.2 Prefixation 求 2) Reversative or privative de- defrost, deregulation, degeneration, deformed, denationalize un-undo, unpack, untie, unwrap, unmask dis.disconnect, dishearten disinterested 米 English Lexicology (m)

English Lexicology(II) 9 5.2 Prefixation ◼ 2) Reversative or privative de- defrost, deregulation, degeneration, deformed, denationalize un- undo, unpack, untie, unwrap, unmask dis- disconnect, dishearten, disinterested

5.2 Prefixation 求 Centralize Decentralize Plane Deplane Infect a Disinfect ■zip a Unzip Regulate a Deregulate Possess Dispossess Pollute ■ Depollute 米 English Lexicology (m)

English Lexicology(II) 10 5.2 Prefixation ◼ Centralize ◼ Plane ◼ Infect ◼ Zip ◼ Regulate ◼ Possess ◼ Pollute ◼ Decentralize ◼ Deplane ◼ Disinfect ◼ Unzip ◼ Deregulate ◼ Dispossess ◼ Depollute