《太空生物工程与生命支撑》（英文版）marsref_djn

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Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Mars Reference Mission

Prof dava Newman 16. 423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Human To mars? · It's expensive! Global Cooperation Human spirit Science and engineering S20 Billion Mars Direct Mission'-Zubrin

Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Human To Mars? • It’s Expensive! • Global Cooperation • Human Spirit • Science and Engineering • $20 Billion ‘Mars Direct Mission’ - Zubrin 1

Prof Dava Newman 16. 423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Mars Reference mission Earth Return vehicle Ascent Vehicle rendezvous into Mars orbit Mars Orbit. 130-18 ≈团 ends with di ntry and 011-2 Cargo Trans. Mar Mission Launched vehicle lands on mars vehicle uses nethane and LOX 引 2014. Crew Crew reaches mars urface science concentrates on the search 130-180 days on unched fast transit trajectory for life. Deep drilling, geology and by both EVA and by surface laboratories

Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Mars Reference Mission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Prof Dava Newman 16. 423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Solar electric propulsion mission concept HEO LEO Electric Propulsion(EP)space Crew delivered in“ small” Remainder of trans-Mars Space tug returns fo tug performs low-thrust transfer injection performed by refueling and next for Mars-bound cargo to High transfer vehicle.X-38 chemically-propelled system assignment( faster or more Earth Orbit(many months derived(few day efficient return since no rendezvous time payload present)

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Prof dava Newman 16. 423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 2011: One SEP stage delivers 2014: Same SEP Stage is refueled 39,709X800km@51.6d0g 70,761x800Mm@51.6deg 2014 2014 HLV HLV L HLV STS LFBB IMTV 526MT! IMTV 55BMTI ISPM 16.OMT ITMI 29.2MT IML 205MT(IMI 214MT IEPM 50, OMT MTV 803MT IEPM 47 1MI Taxi 26.8ML Tot. 73.1MT ITot. 77 3MT I Tot. 75.9MTI ot. 80.3MT) Tot 763MT Tot. 26.8MTI MTV-(Injected) Mars Transter Vehidle opellant TotalLaunches. IMLEQ: Propulsion Module(wet) 382.9 MT(HLV) 1 STS 26.8 MT (STS)

IMLEO: 382.9 MT (HLV) 26.8 MT (STS) Total Launches: 5 HLV 1 STS Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support 2011: One SEP stage delivers two Cargo MTV/TMI’s to 39,709 x 800 km @ 51.6 deg. 2014: Same SEP Stage is refueled and delivers piloted MTV/TMI to 70,761 x 800 km @ 51.6 deg. 2011 HLV HLV 2014 HLV 2014 Tot. Tot. Taxi Tot. HLV TMI Tot. 2011 HLV 2014 STS /LFBB SPM 16.0MT EPM 60.0MT 75.9MT MTV 80.3MT 80.3MT TMI 29.2MT EPM 47.1MT Tot. 76.3MT 26.8MT 26.8MT 2011 MTV 52.6MT 20.5MT 73.1MT MTV 55.8MT TMI 21.4MT Tot. 77.3MT MTV - (Injected) Mars Transfer Vehicle TMI - Trans Mars Injection Stage/Propellant SPM - Solar Power/Bus Module EPM - Electric Propulsion Module (wet) Taxi - LEO to HEO Crew Taxi 1 STS IMLEO: 382.9 MT (HLV) 26.8 MT (STS) Total Launches: 5 HLV 5

Prof dava Newman 16. 423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Nuclear Thermal Propulsion ght Element 2011 Cargo Lander 2011 ERV 014 Crew Lander DRM Bimodal DRM Bimodal DRMBimo DRM Bimodal 65.0 200.9 Surface/In-Space 29.1 28.4 Transportation 100.7 &clor LOX) DRM 68673.6 73.4 79.0 2187 231.6 13461386147512461375140741964039 2011 ERV mission using"bimodal"NTRs for MOC and TEI is lighter than DRM by -23 I and eliminates DDT&E and osts for LOX/CH TEI stage, also recurring cost for 30 kWe PVA and aerobrake. Bimodal"NTR TMI stag bility to the ERv, Crew and Cargo lander missions. Also adal stage refrigeration heat rejection systems can be used 5t of"seed LH, an heat" from 15 kWe DIPs

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Prof Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Er ng and Life Support Magnum Launch vehicle 92ft cyl x 25 ft I.D. Payload/ Stage Fwd Booster attach NTR Stage and aerobraked Mars payload

Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support / Magnum Launch Vehicle Liquid Flyback Booster (2) Payload Fairing 92 ft cyl x 25 ft I.D. Circularization Stage LO2 Tank LH2 Tank RS 68 Engines (2) Payload Stage Adapter Fwd Booster Attach Aft Booster Attach Thrust Structure NTR stage and aerobraked Mars payload 7

Prof dava Newman 16. 423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Three-Magnum Combination Lander Scenario Outbound Aerocapture at Mars 1 Earth Launch MI)SEP M2)Combo Land 5TMI 6 Aerocapture at Mars t Transit Hab/TEI with Crew Transit Hab/TEl with crew Combo lander 7 Mars orbit Rendezvous Transit Hab/TEl with Crew 4 HEO Rendezvous combo lander 3 Earth Launch Taxi with Crew Combo lande Transit HabEL 9 Surface Mission 10 Mars Ascent 13 Aerocapture at Earth scent vehicle with Crew Transit Hab with Crew eparates from Combo Lande Return 11Mars Orbit Rendezvous Ascent Vehicle with Crew 14 Earth Orbit Rendezvous. 12TEL Transit Hab/TEl Transit Hab with Crew shuttle Transit Hab/TEI with Crew

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Prof dava Newman 16. 423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Three-Magnum Split Mission Scenario Earth Launch MI) SEP Outbound-1st opportunity 4Aero capture at Mars ED Remains t Vehicle Returm Hab/TEl at Mars. SEP Return Hab/TEl Outbound-2nd Opportunity 6 Launch (MIll)Transit/Surface Hab 10TIML 11Aerocapture at Mars. Transit/Surface Hab with Crew Transit/Surface hab with crew Transit/Surface Hab 12 Descent &Landing Transit/Surface Hab with Crew 只 8 Earth Launch 9 HEO Rendezvous Crew in taxi with 13 Surface Mission. Taxi with crew 14 Mars Ascent 18 Earth Orbit Re Return 15_Mars Orbit Rendezvous Return Hab with crew shuttle Ascent vehicle with Crew Return Hab/TEl 17-Aerocapture at Earth 16EL Return Hab with Crew Return Hab/TEl with Crew

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Prof Dava Newman 16. 423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Temperature Earth Mars 10°k(18°F) between Over 0.75 m(30 in) height 15°C288°K(55°F) 0.65 m(knee)& 1.4 m(shoulder)- 55C4218K(-67F) △T60°K(108°F night day Noon: vertical temperature variation highest Night: vertical temperatures are very similar Expansion and contraction of materials resulting in great stresses

Prof. Dava Newman 16.423J/HST515J Space Biomedical Engineering and Life Support Temperature Temperature Earth Mars • ~10°K (18°F) between Over 0.75 m (30 in) height 0.65 m (knee) & 1.4 m (shoulder) 15°C 288°K (55°F) -55°C 218°K (-67°F) ∆T 60°K (108°F) night day • Noon: vertical temperature variation highest • Night: vertical temperatures are very similar • Expansion and contraction of materials, resulting in great stresses 10

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