《航空器系统工程学》（英文版）Outline

16.885 能 Aircraft Systems ngineering Cost Analysis Karen willcox Aerospace Computational design Laboratory AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

16.885 Aircraft Systems Engineering Cost Analysis Karen Willcox MIT Aerospace Computational Design Laboratory AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

Outline 能 Lifecycle cost Operating cost · Development cost Manufacturing cost Revenue Valuation techniques 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY Outline • Lifecycle cost • Operating cost • Development cost • Manufacturing cost • Revenue • Valuation techniques

Lifecycle Cost Lifecycle Design -Manufacture -Operation -Disposal Lifecycle cost Total cost of program over lifecycle 85% of Total lcc is locked in by the end of preliminary design 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY Lifecycle Cost Lifecycle : Design - Manufacture - Operation - Disposal Lifecycle cost : Total cost of program over lifecycle 85% of Total LCC is locked in by the end of preliminary design

Lifecycle Cost 95% 85% 80 k…65% 60 D 目三 ≌ Ime ( From Roskam, Figure 2. 3) 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY Lifecycle Cost 0 20 40 60 80 100 65% Conceptual design Preliminary design, system integration Detailed design Manufacturing and acquisition Operation and support Disposal Time Impact on LCC (%) 85% 95% (From Roskam, Figure 2.3)

Operating Cost 能 Airplane related Operating Cost SROC (AROC 10% Passenger related Operating Cost CROC 2% (PROC) PROC Cargo related operating cost 18% AROC (CROC 70% Systems Related Operating cost (SROC) 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY Operating Cost ¾ Airplane Related Operating Cost (AROC) ¾ Passenger Related Operating Cost (PROC) ¾ Cargo Related Operating Cost (CROC) ¾ Systems Related Operating Cost (SROC) AROC 70% PROC 18% CROC 2% SROC 10%

Airplane Related Operating Costs 能 CAPITAL COSTS: CASH AIRPLANE RELATED Financing OPERATING COSTS Insurance Capital Crew Depreciation Costs Fuel CAROC Maintenance 40% 60% Landing Ground Handling GPE Depreciation GPE Maintenance Control Communications CAROC is only 60%-ownership costs are significant 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY Airplane Related Operating Costs CASH AIRPLANE RELATED OPERATING COSTS: Crew Fuel Maintenance Landing Ground Handling GPE Depreciation GPE Maintenance Control & Communications CAROC 40% 60% Capital Costs CAPITAL COSTS: Financing Insurance Depreciation CAROC is only 60% - ownership costs are significant!

CAROC Breakdown per Trip 能 Other Control &Cm3% Ground Fuel is roughly 20%of Handling 9% 60% of 70% of Total 7% Operating Cost Landing% Crew ie.8% 40% Maintenance 15% Fuel 20% ypical data for a large commercial jet 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY CAROC Breakdown per Trip Landing 6% Ground Handling 7% Control & Comm 9% Other 3% Fuel 20% Crew 40% Maintenance 15% Fuel is roughly 20% of 60% of 70% of Total Operating Cost i.e. 8% typical data for a large commercial jet

Non-Recurring Cost Cost incurred one time only Engineering airframe design/analysis configuration control systems engineering Tooling design of tools and fixtures fabrication of tools and fixtures Other development support flight testing 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY Non-Recurring Cost Cost incurred one time only: Engineering - airframe design/analysis - configuration control - systems engineering Tooling - design of tools and fixtures - fabrication of tools and fixtures Other - development support - flight testing Engineering Tooling Other

Recurring Cost 能 Cost incurred per unit Labor fabrication assembl integration Material to manufacture raw material purchased outside production purchased equipment Production suppor rt QA production tooling support 2950 engineering support 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY Recurring Cost Cost incurred per unit: Labor - fabrication - assembly - integration Material to manufacture - raw material - purchased outside production - purchased equipment Production support - QA - production tooling support - engineering support Labor Material Support

Learning Curve 能 As more units are made the recurring cost per unit decreases This is the learning curve effect e.g. Fabrication is done more quickly, less material is wasted =Yx number of hours to produce unit X n= log b/log 2 b= learning curve factor (80-100% 9/19/2002 16885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY

9/19/2002 16.885 AEROSPACE COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN LABORATORY Learning Curve As more units are made, the recurring cost per unit decreases. This is the learning curve effect. e.g. Fabrication is done more quickly, less material is wasted. n x Y Y x 0 Yx = number of hours to produce unit x n = log b/log 2 b = learning curve factor (~80-100%)