《太空生物工程与生命支撑》（英文版）clarification muscle

Clarification on a muddy point of the Force Velocity relationship Muscles Active while Lengthening Consider the example of ordinary exercise, lets say one of the running events in the Olympics. Muscle functions to stop the motion of the athlete as often as it does to start it. When a load larger than isometric tetanus tension To is applied to a muscle in a tetanic state of activation, the muscle lengthens at a constant speed. The surprising thing is that the steady speed of lengthening is much smaller than would be expected from an extrapolation of the Hill equation(recall the empirical hyperbolic relation to the negative velocity region. In fact, Katz (1939) found that -dT/dv, the negative slope of the force-velocity curve, is about six times greater for slow lengthening than for slow shortening Another anomaly is that muscle gives, or increase length rapidly, when the load is raised above a certain threshold( the plateau and ultimate demise of the F-V curve). The 'give becomes anan overwhelming effect, almost as if the muscle had lost its ability to resist stretching, when the load is about 1. 8 To McMahon, T A Muscles, Reflexes and Locomotion 1984 taken from pp 16-17 Katz, b. The realation between force and speed in muscular contraction J. Physio.96:45-64.1939. Hill, A.V. The maximum work and mechanical efficiency of human muscles, and their most economical speed J Physiol. 56: 19-41. 1922 The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc. Roy soc.B.126:136-195.1938

Clarification on a 'muddy point' of the Force￾Velocity relationship Muscles Active while Lengthening Consider the example of ordinary exercise, lets say one of the running events in the Olympics. Muscle functions to stop the motion of the athlete as often as it does to start it. When a load larger than isometric tetanus tension To is applied to a muscle in a tetanic state of activation, the muscle lengthens at a constant speed. The surprising thing is that the steady speed of lengthening is much smaller than would be expected from an extrapolation of the Hill equation (recall the empirical hyperbolic relation) to the negative velocity region. In fact, Katz (1939) found that -dT/dv, the negative slope of the force-velocity curve, is about six times greater for slow lengthening than for slow shortening. Another anomaly is that muscle 'gives', or increase length rapidly, when the load is raised above a certain threshold (the plateau and ultimate demise of the F-V curve). The 'give' becomes an an overwhelming effect, almost as if the muscle had lost its ability to resist stretching, when the load is about 1.8 To. • McMahon, T.A. Muscles, Reflexes and Locomotion. 1984. taken from pp. 16-17. • Katz, B. The realation between force and speed in muscular contraction. J. Physiol. 96:45-64. 1939. • Hill, A.V. The maximum work and mechanical efficiency of human muscles, and their most economical speed. J. Physiol. 56:19-41. 1922. • The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 126:136-195. 1938