复旦大学：《汉语方言学》课程参考材料_THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET（revised to 2005）

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) 02005IPA Bilabial LabiodentalDental postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular PharyngealGlotta p t d t d c fk g q n r R F β|fv|esz|3|S X YX Bh Lateral k Approximant approximant Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close H· uu·u Bilabial Dental Bilabial Dentoalveolar Close-mid ee ￠ Velar Alveolar lateral G Uvular Alveolar fricative e.ce-3·e—A+3 B OTHER SYMBOLS a·CE Voiceless labial-velar fricatiy Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiced labial SUPRASEGMENTALS H oiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress Affricates and double articulations Voiced epiglottal fricative ned by a tie bar if necessary. ts 1 Secondary stress oone tlen Epiglottal plosive DIACRitics Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.I Half-long e d Extra-shol Voiceless Breathy voiced Minor(foot)group Voiced Creaky voiced Apical th dh Major(intonation) group Syllable break Ii. aekt Linking(absence of a break) Less rounded Palatalized t! dJ n Nasal release ONES AND WORD ACCENTS Lateral release CONTOUR Retracted Pharyngealized t' d No audible releas de e brAIsing entralized Velarized or pharyngealized Raised e e」 Low e d syllabic Lowered voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Ion-svllabic e Advanced tongue root e ↓ Downstep Global Retracted Tongue Ro

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) ´ A Å i y È Ë ¨u e P e∏ Ø o E{ ‰ øO a ” å IY U Front Central Back Close Close-mid Open-mid Open Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. œ ò Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d Ê ∂ c Ô k g q G / Nasal m µ n = ≠ N – Trill ı r R Tap or Flap v | « Fricative F B f v T D s   z S Z ß Ω ç J x V X  © ? h H Lateral fricative Ò L Approximant √ ® ’ j ˜ Lateral approximant l  ¥ K Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) SUPRASEGMENTALS VOWELS OTHER SYMBOLS Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives > Bilabial ∫ Bilabial ’ Examples: ˘ Dental Î Dental/alveolar p’ Bilabial ! (Post)alveolar ˙ Palatal t’ Dental/alveolar ¯ Palatoalveolar ƒ Velar k’ Velar ≤ Alveolar lateral Ï Uvular s’ Alveolar fricative " Primary stress Æ Secondary stress ÆfoUn´"tIS´n … Long e… Ú Half-long eÚ * Extra-short e* ˘ Minor (foot) group ≤ Major (intonation) group . Syllable break ®i.œkt ≈ Linking (absence of a break) TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR e_or â Extra high e ˆ  or ä Rising e! ê High e$ ë Falling e@ î Mid e% ü High rising e~ ô Low efi ï Low rising e— û Extra low e& ñ$ Rising￾falling Õ Downstep ã Global rise õ Upstep à Global fall © 2005 IPA DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. N( 9 Voiceless n9 d9 ª Breathy voiced bª aª 1 Dental t1 d1 3 Voiced s3 t3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 ¡ Apical t¡ d¡ Ó Aspirated tÓ dÓ £ Linguolabial t£ d£ 4 Laminal t4 d4 7 More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e) ¶ Less rounded O¶ ∆ Palatalized t∆ d∆ ˆ Nasal release dˆ ™ Advanced u™ ◊ Velarized t◊ d◊ ¬ Lateral release d¬ 2 Retracted e2 ≥ Pharyngealized t≥   d≥ } No audible release d} · Centralized e· ù Velarized or pharyngealized : + Mid-centralized e+ 6 Raised e6 ( ® = voiced alveolar fricative) 6 ` Syllabic n` § Lowered e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant) 8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5 ± Rhoticity ´± a± ∞ Retracted Tongue Root e∞ ∑ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Ç Û Alveolo-palatal fricatives w Voiced labial-velar approximant » Voiced alveolar lateral flap Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative ¿ Voiced epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols ÷ Epiglottal plosive joined by a tie bar if necessary. kp ts ( (