中国科学技术大学：《电磁学》课程教学资源（专题报告）Using Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber as TOF

Using Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber as TOF WU.Jian Department of Modern Physics University of Science T Technology of China 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group伍健 1

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 1 Using Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber as TOF WU, Jian Department of Modern Physics University of Science & Technology of China

Outline ◆Introduction ■Why TOF Options of TOF ◆MRPC as TOF ◆ Working mechanism Simulation design ■ Major parameters MRPC based TOF tray Results Conclusions 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group伍健 2

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 2 Outline Introduction ◼ Why TOF ◼ Options of TOF MRPC as TOF ◼ Working mechanism ◼ Simulation & design ◼ Major parameters ◼ MRPC based TOF tray Results & Conclusions

Heavy Ion Collisions to Go Back in Time In the Big-Bang theory,our universe is in expansion since Hydrogen atom Protogalaxy 15 billions of years. Helium atom Only ultra- relativistic heavy ion collisions THE BIG BANG THEORY could allow to recreate a small TIME ONE PRESENT BEGINS SECOND DAY volume of nuclear Time 10-435c 10-325eC 10-6 sec. 3 min. 300.000y5 billion yrs. 15 billion yrs. matter such as the 1027c 1013c 108C 10.000c -200℃ 270°c one having existed The cosmos Post-inflation. goes through 3Cooig 486ag combine with yrage As galaxies cluster asuoerlasl 边a'cothing cosmos permits atoms,charged protons and heltum gas Ingether uader in the first micro "inflation." not soup or quarks to electrons and neutrons to form coalesce to【orm gravity,the first expanding from eleetrons. clump into protons prevent atoms.mostly the giant clouds stars die and spow seconds of our hes1 ze of a月 quarks and protons and ight from hydrogen and that will become heavy clements gtom to that o neutrons shining:the helium.Light galaxlos:smaller into space:these particies universe is a can finally clumps of gas will eventually universe,the Quark superhot fog shine collapse to form form into new the first stars stars and plangts Gluon Plasma (QGP),making then possible the study and the evolution of this phase of matter. 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group伍健 3

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 3 Heavy Ion Collisions to Go Back in Time In the Big-Bang theory, our universe is in expansion since 15 billions of years. Only ultra￾relativistic heavy ion collisions could allow to recreate a small volume of nuclear matter such as the one having existed in the first micro seconds of our universe, the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) , making then possible the study and the evolution of this phase of matter

Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at BNL 米 PRo影≤ BRAHMS PH米ENIX RHIC ☆an BOOSTER LINAC AGS HTB TANDEMS BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY HITL 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group伍健 4

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 4 Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at BNL

Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC Silicon Vertex Coils Magnet Tracker Propoeal for a Large Area Time of Flight System for STAR STAR-TOF -E-M Calorimeter eSTAR T年Gtp Time Projection Frng Liu Lanbon Lin.Zhim Ln,Jindina Fu.Yimn Hn Chamber Zhiming Li.Yuundane Wu.Meiling Yu 2八a与orud Enie华nMm,w Tr 勇n么Qim Yor Frinceun石nad natefg Enery Pysic图EP以B学Ch Nenhone Zhan,君hyg5su ate f Madem PAyiies (p以nihes Chon L.Ktrhetidl Masow Engineering Phyie lasitade.Mne Rasia B.Douner.L Bridoo,G.Epply.F.Ceurts.WJ.Ihge I.Neetai.J.Hoberts 了，mter Nuriene Lobdeutuey rmwn车ustan,T不7s ∠E目ectronics We时Sgs.XueC Platforms Shanghas lnstitule if Nucler Resre (INR)Shanghai.China K付nKE五nping Chie Yanning L Yiine Li.Yi Wans -Forward Time Projection Chamber ghun Pniters华Bgk4 C.Whittes,柱aet低1lV,Chneikhanina.Tnstalan A.Tai aol且Leg Great interest in large acceptance edy时Cae-Las Angrles Low Angdles.CA 90005 PID over an extended pr range hda延Cb电，XhWa之t Zbang.Chomt Shawri Ye.Jian Wut.Ming Shon.Shengti Haang ns时cience and Tirknolny时China (USTC以Hefes.Chin full TOF replaces the existing G.marm.L Ray,⊥Schnmifaich且Ward.CF,oe Central Trigger Barrel. UagJ几At7TX787量 covers the TPC tracking detector en的Washinghon.Send.方 D.Haedhke Based on Multi-gap Resistive Plate Lweremee Berick线Nsna生t￥CAg7d Chambers(MRPC) Zhamgbnk Kn Brwkhvs Nadinml Lnkeutury Upbm Ny7 prototype detector:TOFr 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 5

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 5 Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC Great interest in large acceptance PID over an extended pT range ◼ full TOF replaces the existing Central Trigger Barrel. ◼ covers the TPC tracking detector Based on Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chambers (MRPC) ◼ prototype detector: TOFr

9 Time-Of-Flight Detector in Heavy-Ion Exp ALICE ☆a STAR at RHIC ALICE at LHC High multiplicity:103-104 particles produced Large coverage ~102 m2 Strong magnetic field:0.5-2 T High event rate:102-103 Hz/cm2 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 6

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 6 Time-Of-Flight Detector in Heavy-Ion Exp. STAR at RHIC ALICE at LHC High multiplicity : 103 – 104 particles produced Large coverage : ~102 m2 Strong magnetic field : 0.5 – 2 T High event rate: 102 – 103 Hz/cm2

p/πSeparation =+mc/p2-1+mc21p） ID 111 E ntries 378 Mean 6.2象88E-B1 RMS 4.110 红 UDFLW 0. Momentum: OVFLW 0. T80 x/ndf 8T62124 3GeV/c PI 815.8 P2 -1,g19 60 P3 1.490 P4 1T1.5 Flight path length: 7.0B9 P6 1.T32 277cm 4日 8t=432ps 300 (prediction) 20 6t=441ps 100 (experiment) .20 10 20 Tim e (50ps/ch) 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group伍健 7

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 7 Momentum: 3GeV/c Flight path length: 277cm t=432ps （prediction） t=441ps （experiment） ( ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 m c / p 1 m c / p c L t  + − +       = p/ Separation

Options of TOF To reduce occupancy ~10%,need small size strip>105-106 channels "Standard"TOF system built of fast scintillators plus phototubes would cost too much !(80 MCHF for ALICE) Gaseous detectors route to large area detectors at affordable price 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group伍健 8

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 8 Options of TOF To reduce occupancy ~10%, need small size strip → 105 -106 channels “Standard” TOF system built of fast scintillators plus phototubes would cost too much ! ( ~ 80 MCHF for ALICE) Gaseous detectors route to large area detectors at affordable price

Gaseous Detector Advantages Can be made at almost any shape and size Low noise Excellent dynamics range Can make simultaneous measurements of energy and position Important detector Charged particles X-and y-ray Visible light Application fields √ particle nuclear physics space-borne astro-particle physics medical imaging x-ray crystallography environmental monitoring 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group伍健 9

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 9 Gaseous Detector Advantages ✓ Can be made at almost any shape and size ✓ Low noise ✓ Excellent dynamics range ✓ Can make simultaneous measurements of energy and position Important detector ✓ Charged particles ✓ X- and - ray ✓ Visible light Application fields ✓ particle & nuclear physics ✓ space-borne astro-particle physics ✓ medical imaging ✓ x-ray crystallography ✓ environmental monitoring

Passage of Particles through Matter uon Cu (b)Lead (Z=82) a-experimental Giot I Mb Bethe-Bloch Radiative Anderson- Ziegler 10 Radiative Radiative Minimum effects losses Nuclear ionization reach 1% losses Vithoutδ 10b 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 104 105 106 10eV I keV 1 MeV 1 GeV 100GeV Y Photon Energy TTTTTTT Positrons 0.20 Lead (Z=82) Electrons Photon cross section 1.0 Bremsstrahlung 的 158 一四 0.10 charged particles (other Ionization 0.5 Moller (e) than electrons)energy lose Bhabha (e+) 0.05 Positron annihilation 10 100 1000 electrons energy lose E (MeV) 2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 10

2023/6/28 Talk for EM group 伍健 10 Passage of Particles through Matter charged particles (other than electrons) energy lose electrons energy lose Photon cross section