《新能源材料与技术》课程授课教案（讲稿）New Energy Materials Techniques

UNIVERSITEDELORRAINENew Energy MaterialsJean-JacquesGaumetjean-jacques.gaumet@univ-lorraine.frJean Barriol Institute,InstitutJeanBarriolLCP-A2MC,1bdArago,Chimieet Physique Moleculaireset Biomoleculaires57070MetzCedex03,France

New Energy Materials Jean-Jacques Gaumet jean-jacques.gaumet@univ-lorraine.fr June 2014 ICNEM&T 1 Jean Barriol Institute, LCP-A2MC,1 bd Arago, 57070 Metz Cedex 03, France

Contents1-Achieving sustainability in a global world2-What is nanotechnology and examples of principles,tools,nanomaterials and uses3-Threemain domains of energymaterials4 -Increasing energy conversion (photovoltaic, thermoelectricitybiomass...)5 -Increasing storage energy (Ni-Met, Li ion, supercapacitors)hydrogen storage...)6-Increasing safety, life of energyproduction systems (nuclear,windproduction,geothermal,...)June2014ICNEM&T

Contents 1 - Achieving sustainability in a global world 2 - What is nanotechnology and examples of principles, tools, nanomaterials and uses 3 - Three main domains of energy materials 4 - Increasing energy conversion (photovoltaic, thermoelectricity, biomass .) 5 - Increasing storage energy (Ni-Met, Li ion, supercapacitors, hydrogen storage.) 6 - Increasing safety, life of energy production systems (nuclear, wind production, geothermal,.) June 2014 ICNEM&T 2

1 - Achieving sustainability in a global worldThe21stcenturyiscrucial:★EnergyFossilfueldepletionEnvironment★Global warmingringing the alarm bell to human society!!ICNEM&TJune2014

1 - Achieving sustainability in a global world June 2014 ICNEM&T 3 ringing the alarm bell to human society!! The 21st century is crucial: Energy Environment Fossil fuel depletion Global warming

1 -Achieving sustainability in a global worldCleanand renewableenergymaterialsNanoscale structuring ofmaterials+TheirdevicesNon-equilibriumprocessing- Energy capture-TransferTodevelop-Storage-Andfinally......EfficientuseThe developments of energy storage and conversion techniquesstrongly depend on the achievements of material science.June2014ICNEM&T

The developments of energy storage and conversion techniques strongly depend on the achievements of material science. June 2014 ICNEM&T 4 1 - Achieving sustainability in a global world Clean and renewable energy materials + Their devices To develop - Energy capture - Transfer - Storage - And finally.Efficient use Nanoscale structuring of materials Non-equilibrium processing

2-What is nanotechnology and examples of principles,toolsnanomaterialsandusesMICROMACRONANOAnt=5.106nm1 mm = 106 nmHumanhair(diameter)approx.75 000 nmmm1fullerenPICO...1nmum1quantum dot807515kV5aNaCISmallest object seen1atomnmCdSewitheyesapprox.0,1nmenv.10000nm5nmJune20h

2 - What is nanotechnology and examples of principles, tools, nanomaterials and uses June 2014 ICNEM&T 5 MACRO MICRO NANO mm mm nm 1 mm = 106 nm 5 nm NaCl Human hair (diameter) approx. 75 000 nm CdSe Ant = 5.106 nm 1 quantum dot Smallest object seen with eyes env. 10 000 nm 1 fulleren 1 nm 1 atom approx. 0,1 nm PICO

Nanoparticle concentrationsin various working atmosphereProcessMinimumtotalconcentrationMax.concentration(range14-673nm)(in number)(particles.cm*3)(nm)Outdoor,offices10000(backgroundnoise)Bakery64000032-10940000036-64Welding(weldingrod)Silicon foundry100000280-520Tio,elaborationAirport700000<4540-600Welding (autogenous)100000a40000000ICNEM&TRef:Mohlmann,2004

June 2014 ICNEM&T 6 Nanoparticle concentrations in various working atmosphere Ref : Möhlmann, 2004 Process Minimum total concentration Max. concentration (range 14-673 nm) (in number) (particles.cm-3 ) (nm) Outdoor, offices 10 000 (background noise) Bakery 640 000 32-109 Welding (welding rod) 400 000 36-64 Silicon foundry 100 000 280-520 TiO2 elaboration ‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ Airport 700 000 < 45 Welding (autogenous) 100 000 à 40 000 000 40-600

MainnanoparticlesproducedinFrance(%toworldproduction)Carbon240000t(10 Mt)Silicon(2 Mt)485000t(2 Mt)Titaniumoxide250000t300000tCalciumcarbonateAlumina (s)469000tLanthanides,Clays,Au,Ag,....Ref.Les nanomateriaux:securite autravail》;rapportAFSSET,Juillet 2008June2014ICNEM&T

June 2014 ICNEM&T 7 Main nanoparticles produced in France (% to world production) Carbon 240 000 t (10 Mt) Silicon 485 000 t (2 Mt) Titanium oxide 250 000 t (2 Mt) Calcium carbonate 300 000 t Alumina (s) 469 000 t Lanthanides, Clays, Au , Ag,. Ref. « Les nanomatériaux: sécurité au travail » ; rapport AFSSET, Juillet 2008

Anew definition of nanomaterialfromtheEuropeanCommission(10/18/2011)Nanomaterialisdefined asa natural,incidental ormanufactured materialcontainingparticles, in an unbound state or as anaggregateorasanagglomeratewhere,for50%ormoreoftheparticlesinthenumbersizedistribution,oneormoreexternaldimensionsisinthesizerange1nm-100nmJune2014ICNEM&T

June 2014 ICNEM&T 8 A new definition of nanomaterial from the European Commission (10/18/2011) Nanomaterial is defined as: a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate where, for 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution, one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm – 100 nm

Finally:anewterminologyandanacronym(ISO2012)NOAA:Nano-Objects and theirAgregates andAglomeratesTrsimsstataosoaldetoherheetdescutnt,cnasJune2014ICNEM&T

June 2014 ICNEM&T 9 Finally: a new terminology and an acronym (ISO 2012) NOAA : Nano-Objects and their Agregates and Aglomerates

Anotherdefinition:FrommoleculetobulkExample: CdSeMoleculeBulkymaterial2.5nm3.0nm6.8nm4.5nmSize20nmAt the nano-scale,size-dependentpropertiesareoftenobservedJune2014ICNEM&T10

June 2014 ICNEM&T 10 Another definition: From molecule to bulk. Example: CdSe Molecule Bulky material Why Materials at the Nano-Scale? 0.001mm 0.005mm 0.01mm 0.1mm 2.5nm 3.0nm 4.5nm 6.8 nm Molecular Bulk At the nano-scale, size-dependent properties are often observed