西安交通大学：《药事管理学进展》研究生课程教学课件（PPT讲稿）第4章 药物利用研究 第4章 第2节 药物利用研究方法与数据

西安交通大学XIANJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY药物利用研究第二节药物利用研究方法与数据西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系2022年11月1896

药物利用研究 第二节 药物利用研究方法与数据 西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 2022年11月

CONTENS1.研究问题和研究假设2.研究设计总体介绍3.观察性研究设计：描述性研究4.观察性研究设计：分析性研究5.实验研究设计6.准实验性研究设计7.总结1896

CONTENS CONTENTS 1. 研究问题和研究假设 2. 研究设计总体介绍 3. 观察性研究设计：描述性研究 4. 观察性研究设计：分析性研究 5. 实验研究设计 6. 准实验性研究设计 7. 总结

栏1.研究问题与研究假设1096AOTONGResearchQuestion&Hypothesis西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系

西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 • 1. 研究问题与研究假设 Research Question & Hypothesis

1.1ResearchQuestionInvestigations begin with formulating ideas of what wethink might be going on and stating them in the form of aspecific research question and hypothesisFormulatearesearchideaFrametheresearchquestionFrameahypothesisfromtheresearchquestion in a format that is testable西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系

西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 Investigations begin with formulating ideas of what we think might be going on and stating them in the form of a specific research question and hypothesis 4 • Formulate a research idea • Frame the research question • Frame a hypothesis from the research question in a format that is testable 1.1 Research Question

1.1Research QuestionIdeas for research can arise from a suspicion that afactormayinfluencetheoccurrenceofahealtheventoroutcomeSuspicions from....-ObservationsinclinicalpracticeExaminationofhealth/healthoutcomePatterns-Multi-national comparisons-Naturalexperiments(e.g.乙肝感染与出生性别比)***-Descriptive Epidemiology (person,place,time)-Aredisease ratesincreased inthepresence ofcertainfactors?.ObservationsfromaLiteratureReview.Theory***1.史耀疆，JohnKennedy.揭开性别谜团：对陕西“失踪女童”的实证解释劳动经济研究，5(1)：48-602.OsterE.HepatitisBandthecaseofthemissingwomen.JournalofPoliticalEconomy.113(6):1163-1216西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系

西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 Ideas for research can arise from a suspicion that a factor may influence the occurrence of a health event or outcome Suspicions from. •Observations in clinical practice •Examination of health/health outcome Patterns - Multi-national comparisons - Natural experiments (e.g. 乙肝感染与出生性别比)*** - Descriptive Epidemiology (person, place, time) - Are disease rates increased in the presence of certain factors? •Observations from a Literature Review •Theory 1.史耀疆, John Kennedy.揭开性别谜团: 对陕西“失踪女童”的实证解释. 劳动经济研究, 5(1): 48-60. 2. Oster E. Hepatitis B and the case of the missing women. Journal of Political Economy, 113(6): 1163-1216. *** 1.1 Research Question

61.1ResearchQuestionResearchideas arebetterexpressed in theform of aninterestingresearchquestionProblemHigherrates of strokeinChinathaninJapanResearchideaIdentifyResearchProblemDiet isdifferent betweenChina and Japan.ResearchquestionThus, diet may play a roleinstroke.Doesseafood protectIdentify Specificagainst the developmentof stroke?ResearchQuestion(s)andAim(s)SpecifyHypothesis(es)related to the Aim(s)西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系

西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 6 Problem Research idea Research question Research ideas are better expressed in the form of an interesting research question Higher rates of stroke in China than in Japan Diet is different between China and Japan. Thus, diet may play a role in stroke. Does sea food protect against the development of stroke? Specify Hypothesis(es) related to the Aim(s) Identify Specific Research Question(s)and Aim(s) Identify Research Problem 1.1 Research Question

1.1ResearchQuestionResearch questions guide the formulation of specificresearchhypothesesThe research question should be framed in a manner thatdefines a useful study, where...."The answer to the research question should help aninvestigator to understand or explain the problem.Thisanswer should also advance our understanding of thenature, laws, and theories underlying the given researchproblem."西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系

西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 7 Research questions guide the formulation of specific research hypotheses The research question should be framed in a manner that defines a useful study, where. “The answer to the research question should help an investigator to understand or explain the problem. This answer should also advance our understanding of the nature, laws, and theories underlying the given research problem.” 1.1 Research Question

81.1ResearchQuestionTherearefour core componentsof a good research questionPopulation -Identify the specific population that is thefocus of the studyIdentifytheInterventionunderassessment(experimentalstudies) orIdentify the exposure under assessment(observational studies)Comparison-Identifythe alternative to compare to theinterventionortheexposureOutcome-Identifythe expected outcome oftheintervention or exposure西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系

西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 • Population – Identify the specific population that is the focus of the study • Identify the Intervention under assessment (experimental studies) or Identify the exposure under assessment (observational studies) • Comparison - Identify the alternative to compare to the intervention or the exposure • Outcome - Identify the expected outcome of the intervention or exposure 8 There are four core components of a good research question 1.1 Research Question

1.1ResearchQuestionTherearefourcorecomponentsofagoodresearchquestionPICOC福Interven-Outcometion orPopulationComparisonof InterestExposureExample:Infemales with carpal tunnel syndrome,what isthe efficacy ofexercise andergonomic intervention compared to surgical treatment for decreasing pain anddisability?在女性腕管综合征患者中，与手术治疗相比，运动和人体工程学干预在减少疼痛和残疾方面的效果如何？西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系

西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 9 There are four core components of a good research question P I C O In females with carpal tunnel syndrome, what is the efficacy of exercise and ergonomic intervention compared to surgical treatment for decreasing pain and disability? 在女性腕管综合征患者中，与手术治疗相比，运动和人体工程学干预在减少疼痛和残疾方面的效果如何? Example: 1.1 Research Question

1.2HypothesisHypothesisDefinition: A tentative statement, arrived at byobservation or reflection, that characterizes a testableprediction, which may be accepted or refuted throughtesting西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系

西安交大药学院药事管理与临床药学系 10 Hypothesis Definition: A tentative statement, arrived at by observation or reflection, that characterizes a testable prediction, which may be accepted or refuted through testing 1.2 Hypothesis