中密苏里州立大学：《经济学原理——曼昆经济学原理》课程PPT教学课件（英文版）Chapter 8 Application：The Costs of Taxation

Application The Costs of taxation Chapter 8 Copyright C 2001 by Harcourt, Inc All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of t work should be mailed to Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers 6277 Sea Harbor Drive. Orlando Florida 32887-6777

Application: The Costs of Taxation Chapter 8 Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777

The Costs of taxation How do taxes affect the economic wel- being of market participants H arc Inc items and derived items copyright o 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Costs of Taxation How do taxes affect the economic well- being of market participants?

The Costs of taxation It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the good... the price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls H arc Inc items and derived items copyright C 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Costs of Taxation It does not matter whether a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the good…the price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls

The effects of a tax Price Supply Price buyers Size of tax pay rice 0n0nnnnggnnnnnUdDI without tax Price sellers receive Demand Quantity Quantity Quantity with tax without tax Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright o 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Effects of a Tax... Price 0 Quantity Quantity without tax Supply Demand Price without tax Price buyers pay Quantity with tax Size of tax Price sellers receive

The effects of a tax . A tax places a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. o Because of this tax wedge, the quantity sold falls below the level that would be sold without a tax o The size of the market for that good shrinks H arc Inc. items and derived items c ht o 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Effects of a Tax uA tax places a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. uBecause of this tax wedge, the quantity sold falls below the level that would be sold without a tax. uThe size of the market for that good shrinks

Tax Revenue TE the size of the tax Q= the quantity of the good sold TxQ=the governments tax revenue H arc Inc. items and derived items c ht o 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Tax Revenue T = the size of the tax Q = the quantity of the good sold TQ = the government’s tax revenue

Tax Revenue Price Supply Price buyers Size of tax T) pay Tax Revenue (T x Q Price sellers receive Quantity sold(Q Demand Quantity Quantity Quantity with tax without tax H arc Inc items and derived items copyright o 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Tax Revenue... Price 0 Quantity Quantity without tax Supply Demand Price sellers receive Quantity with tax Size of tax (T) Quantity sold (Q) Tax Revenue (T x Q) Price buyers pay

How a Tax Affects Welfare Price Tax reduces consumer surplus by (b+c) and producer surplus by (d+e) Price buyers Tax revenue =(B+D) A Supply pay B Price without= P1 Deadweight LOSs =(C+E tax D E Price s sellers F receive ■■ ■■■■■■■■■■■■ Demand ■■■■■ 0 2 Q1 uanti Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright o 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. How a Tax Affects Welfare... 0 Quantity Price Demand Supply Q1 A B C F D E Q2 Tax reduces consumer surplus by (B+C) and producer surplus by (D+E) Tax revenue = (B+D) Deadweight Loss = (C+E) Price buyers pay = PB P1 Price without tax = Price PS sellers receive =

Changes in Welfare from a tax Without tax With Tax Change Consumer Surplus A+B+C A -(B+C) Producer Surplus D+E+F F -(D+E) Tax Revenue none B+D +(B+D) Total Surplus A+B+C+D+E+F A+B+D+F C+E The area C+e shows the fall in total surplus and is the deadweight loss of the tax Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright o 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Changes in Welfare from a Tax Without Tax With Tax Change Consumer Surplus A + B + C A - (B + C) Producer Surplus D + E + F F - (D + E) Tax Revenue none B + D + (B + D) Total Surplus A + B + C + D + E + F A + B + D + F - (C + E ) The area C+E shows the fall in total surplus and is the deadweight loss of the tax

How a Tax Affects Welfare The change in total welfare includes o The change in consumer surplus o The change in producer surplus o The change in tax revenue s The losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raised by the government o This fall in total surplus is called the deadweight loss. H arc Inc items and derived items copyright o 2001 by Harcourt, Inc

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. How a Tax Affects Welfare The change in total welfare includes: uThe change in consumer surplus, uThe change in producer surplus, uThe change in tax revenue. uThe losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raised by the government. uThis fall in total surplus is called the deadweight loss