清华大学：《生物化学》课程PPT教学课件（英文版）Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates (Several descriptive slides are added as notes. they are not slides for real lecture)

Carbohydrates (Several descriptive slides are added as notes. They are not slides for real lecture)

Definition Carbohydrates are Carbohydrate: hydrated carbon, carbon plus water polyhydroxy aldehydes and CH ketones which have chemical formulae which or resemble hydrated carbons hence the ChO) name carbohydrate. All of the common sugars found in a better definition: living systems contain either a Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones free aldehyde or ketone

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones which have chemical formulae which resemble hydrated carbons, hence the name carbohydrate. All of the common sugars found in living systems contain either a free or potentially free aldehyde or ketone

The term carbohydrate derives from the fact that many of them have a formula that can be simplified to( CH20)n. Some of these compounds are chemically modified, however, and do not fit the formula due to the modification

The term carbohydrate derives from the fact that many of them have a formula that can be simplified to (CH2O)n. Some of these compounds are chemically modified, however, and do not fit the formula due to the modification

Saccharides Saccharide is another name for a carbohydrate Simple saccharides are the monosaccharides, commonly called sugars. Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide. We use terms monosaccharide, oligosaccharide or polysaccharide to refer to compounds composed of a single sugar, several sugars linked together, or many sugars linked together, respectively

Saccharides Saccharide is another name for a carbohydrate. Simple saccharides are the monosaccharides, commonly called sugars. Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide. We use terms monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide to refer to compounds composed of a single sugar, several sugars linked together, or many sugars linked together, respectively

Saccharides play a variety of roles in living organisms, including energy storage, structural roles(rna and dnA, cell wall, exoskeleton), and cell identity

Saccharides play a variety of roles in living organisms, including energy storage, structural roles (RNA and DNA, cell wall, exoskeleton) , and cell identity

lipids. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. They make up most of the organic matter on earth because of their multiple roles in all forms of life. First, carbohydrates serve as energy stores, fuels, and metabolic intermediates. Starch in plants and glycogen in animals are polysaccharides that can be rapidly mobilized to yield glucose, a prime fuel for the generation of energy. ATP, the univer- sal currency of free energy, is a phosphorylated sugar derivative, as are many coenzymes. Second, ribose and deoxyribose sugars form part of the structural framework of rna and DNA. The conformational flexibility of these sugar rings is important in the storage and expression of genetic information. Third, polysaccharides are structural elements in the cell walls of bacteria and plants, and in the exoskeletons of arthropods. In fact, cellulose, the main constituent of plant cell walls, is one of the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere. Fourth, carbohydrates are linked to many proteins and lipids. For example, the sugar units ofgl-onorin, an integra/ membrane protein, give red blood cells a highly polar anionic coat

Recent studies have revealed that carbohydrate units on cell surfaces play hey roles in cell-cell recognition processes. Fertilization begins with the binding of a sperm to a specific oligosaccharide on the surface of an egg. The adhe- sion of leukocytes to the lining of injured blood vessels and the return of lymphocytes to their sites of origin in lymph nodes further illustrate the importance of carbohydrates in recognition processes. Carbohydrates have entered the limelight as information-rich molecules, full of signifi cance in development and repair

Monosaccharide Monosaccharide is another term for a simple sugar, such as glucose, which is not linked to any other sugars Common monosaccharides include Glucose Mannose Fructose Ribose Galactose Erythrose

Monosaccharide Monosaccharide is another term for a simple sugar, such as glucose, which is not linked to any other sugars. Common monosaccharides include: Glucose Mannose Fructose Ribose Galactose Erythrose

Monosaccharide nomenclature are the simplest sugars, having the formula (CH2O)n. The smallest molecules usually considered to be monosaccharides are those with n= 3 Category 3- --Triose Tetrose Pentose 5678 Hexose Heptose Octose

Monosaccharide nomenclature ◼ are the simplest sugars, having the formula (CH2O)n. The smallest molecules usually considered to be monosaccharides are those with n = 3 ◼ Category ◼ 3-------------Triose ◼ 4-------------Tetrose ◼ 5------------- Pentose ◼ 6--------------Hexose ◼ 7--------------Heptose ◼ 8--------------Octose

Monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group are called aldoses Monosaccharides containing a ketone group are called ketoses Monosaccharides that form five member rings are called furanoses Monosaccharides that form six member rings are called pyranoses

•Monosaccharides containing an aldehyde group are called aldoses. •Monosaccharides containing a ketone group are called ketoses. •Monosaccharides that form five member rings are called furanoses. •Monosaccharides that form six member rings are called pyranoses