清华大学：《生物化学》课程PPT教学课件（英文版）Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids（2/2）

Nucleotides and nucleic Acids(continued) These slides are pre-release and the real lecture slides might be slightly modified to improve the visual effect

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids (continued) These slides are pre-release and the real lecture slides might be slightly modified to improve the visual effect

Post double-Helix era

Post Double-Helix Era

1957 Arthur Kornberg (1918-)of the U.S. produced DNa in a test tube. 1963 F. Sanger(1918-)of Britain developed sequencing procedure for proteins and later for dna

1957 Arthur Kornberg (1918- ) of the U.S. produced DNA in a test tube. 1963 F. Sanger (1918- ) of Britain developed sequencing procedure for proteins, and later for DNA

Sanger Sequencing Method 0 BASE dideoxy nucleotide DHA AATCTGGGCTACTCGGGCG DNA POLYMERASE 4 dNTP LABELED ddATP PRIMER TGAG C G C G G AGCC 16 18 AGACCCGATGAGC G C G

Sanger Sequencing Method

DHA 3 AATCTGGGCTACTCGGGCG CGCA DNA POLYMERASE 十4dNTP ddatp ddttp ddctp ddGTP TAGACCCGATGAGcCCGC

A GCT A T 80 GGA A C T 9<〈卜不⊙ G CCcc A A A G C

Automated Sequencing 上AA山AAA人A FGIGTGAAAIJ GT T ATCC GSU CACAAT TCSA ACA ACAT ACGAGCCGG AAGCAT AAAG G0 AAAGCCIGGGGTGCCT AAIGAGTGAGCT A⊥LAN FIGURE 28-60. A portion of the output of a four reaction/ respectively). The 3-terminal base of each terminated me gel sequencing system. Each of the four differently colored oligonucleotide, which the gel separates according to size, is aines indicates the fluoresence intensity of a particular dye that identified by the fluoresence of its gel band (letters above the inked to the primer used with a specific ddNTP in bands; the numbers indicate the positions of the bases in the minating the primer extension reaction(green, red, black DNA segment being sequenced). Courtesy of Mark Adams, and blue with ddATP, ddTTP, ddGTP, and ddCTP, The Institute for Genomic Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland. I

Automated Sequencing

1966 The Genetic code was discovered: scientists are now able to predict characteristics by studying DNA. This leads to genetic engineering, genetic counseling. 1972 Paul Berg(1926-)of the U.S. produced the first recombinant dna molecule

1966 The Genetic code was discovered; scientists are now able to predict characteristics by studying DNA. This leads to genetic engineering, genetic counseling. 1972 Paul Berg (1926- ) of the U.S. produced the first recombinant DNA molecule

Milestones in Biotechnology 1970 Hamilton Smith, at Johns Hopkins Medical School, isolates the first restriction enzyme 1972 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer combine their efforts to create recombinant DNA 1976 Herbert Boyer cofounds Genentech 1978 Somatostatin is the first human protein made using recombinant technology

Milestones in Biotechnology 1970 Hamilton Smith, at Johns Hopkins Medical School, isolates the first restriction enzyme. 1972 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer combine their efforts to create recombinant DNA. 1976 Herbert Boyer cofounds Genentech. 1978 Somatostatin is the first human protein made using recombinant technology

enzyme recognition site sticky ends Cutting dna strands