美国麻省理工大学：《航空航天学讲义》教学资源（讲义，英文版）13 graphicsiversionIIs

Creating effective graphics Graphics that show parts/whole Graphics that show process

Creating effective graphics Graphics that show parts/whole Graphics that show process

To create effective parts/whole or process graphics 1. Show the reader what s /he needs to see Choose appropriate type of graphic For example, what is the difference between a photo and a drawing? Remember audience analysis skills Plan the sequence and directionality How do you want the reader 's eye to travel? 3. Think about the focal point of the graphic Humans scan for pattern against overall context Department of Aeronautics and astronautics

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 To create effective parts/whole or process graphics 1. Show the reader what s/he needs to see. – Choose appropriate type of graphic • For example, what is the difference between a photo and a drawing? • Remember audience analysis skills. 2. Plan the sequence and directionality. – How do you want the reader’s eye to travel? 3.Think about the focal point of the graphic. – Humans scan for pattern against overall context

4. Integrate labels and information into graphic to make interpretation efficient Make the graphic substantive but not too dense Pay attention to font style and font size How will graphics be read? 5. Use color judiciously. Dont decorate. Make the color work with the information Remember audience analysis skills Different cultures read colors differentl Department of Aeronautics and astronautics

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 3 4. Integrate labels and information into graphic to make interpretation efficient. -Make the graphic substantive but not too dense. - Pay attention to font style and font size. How will graphics be read? 5. Use color judiciously. Don’t decorate. Make the color work with the information. - Remember audience analysis skills. Different cultures “read” colors differently

6. Plan to place graphic where it will improve reader s comprehension of complex material It's not about what you can do but instead what the reader needs 7. Label and title all graphics Integrate, refer, and interpret In large documents, remember graphics appear in their own List of Tables and figures 8. Remember to edit, revise, and proofread graphics just as you do text Department of Aeronautics and astronautics

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 4 6. Plan to place graphic where it will improve reader’s comprehension of complex material. - It’s not about what you can do but instead what the reader needs. 7. Label and title all graphics. - Integrate, refer, and interpret. - In large documents, remember graphics appear in their own List of Tables and Figures. 8. Remember to edit, revise, and proofread graphics just as you do text

Graphics that show Graphics that show parts/whole process Technical drawings Decision trees · External Flow charts Cutaway Organization charts Cross section Budget Xplode Sketches More appropriate for general audience or in introductory sections Some photographs Department of Aeronautics and astronautics

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 5 • Graphics that show parts/whole. – Technical drawings • External • Cutaway • Cross section • Exploded – Sketches • More appropriate for general audience or in introductory sections – Some photographs • Graphics that show process – Decision trees – Flow charts – Organization charts • Budget • Schedules

Wear of aircraft tires during touchdown United states e Department of Aeronautics and astronautics

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 6 Wear of Aircraft Tires during Touchdown

EMFFORCE Structures Design Overview N2 storage Reaction wheel CO tank attach oint ubsystem packing space Superconducting let coils carnage 108/02 CDIO3 Class Project Courtesy of 16.685 team, October, 2002 Department of Aeronautics and Astronaut

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 7 10/8/02 CDIO3 Class Project 5 EMFFORCE EMFFORCE Structures Design Overview Reaction wheel Superconducting magnet coils LN2 Storage CO2 tank attach point Subsystem packing space Tripod air carriage Courtesy of 16.685 team, October, 2002

EMFFORCE Implementation method Reference point B ACtuation Reference IFormation Contro REquirements Reference RIsks [Scheduling Budgets MEtrology Each vehicle receives position and rate information from the other vehicles [tructure/Power Each vehicle has an identical controller Integration and should compute the same commands as the other vehicles based Conclusion on identical inputs CDIO3 Class Project Courtesy of 16.685 team October 2002 Department of Aeronautics and Astronaut

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 8 10/8/02 CDIO3 Class Project 1 EMFFORCE Implementation method Each vehicle receives position and rate information from the other vehicles Each vehicle has an identical controller and should compute the same commands as the other vehicles based on identical inputs Introduction Subsystems Actuation Formation Control Control Overview Requirements Risks Tasks Scheduling Budgets Metrology Electronics Structure/Power Integration Budgets Conclusion Reference point B α A α B α C AB r AC r Reference point A Reference point C θ AB A θ AC B C Courtesy of 16.685 team, October 2002

Linear actuator Accelerometer Linear Rotary Displacement Sensor Sensor e stationary with respect to sting can be moved along the longitudinal axis component with moving parts Courtesy of Phil Sp Glenn Tournier 16621Fal2002 Department of Aeronautics and Astronaut

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 9 Linear Bearings Rotary Sensor Linear Actuator Accelerometer stationary with respect to sting can be moved along the longitudinal axis component with moving parts (not to scale) longitudinal axis Displacement Sensor Linear Slide Courtesy of Phil Springman, Glenn Tournier: 16.621 Fall 2002

Shop Orientation Materials quis ition Construction etup Experimentation Data Analys is Re 123456789101112131415 WEEK Courtesy of Phil Springman, Glenn Tournier 16.621Fal2002 Department of Aeronautics and Astronaut

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 WEEK Final Reports Data Analysis Experimentation Setup Construction Materials Acquisition Shop Orientation PHASE Courtesy of Phil Springman, Glenn Tournier: 16.621 Fall 2002