美国麻省理工大学：《航空航天学讲义》教学资源（讲义，英文版）DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESIS, OBJECTIVE

DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESIS, OBJECTIVE AND SUCCESS CRITERIA (HOS 16621

1 DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESIS, OBJECTIVE AND SUCCESS CRITERIA (HOS) 16.621

DEFINITION OF A HYPOTHESIS · Hypothesis A tentative explanation that accounts for facts and can be tested by further investigation; a theory Something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; an assumption .EXperiment A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy of something previously untried American Heritage dictionary, 3rd Edition

2 DEFINITION OF A HYPOTHESIS • Hypothesis A tentative explanation that accounts for facts and can be tested by further investigation; a theory Something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; an assumption •Experiment A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy of something previously untried. American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd Edition

CONNECTION BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS AND EXPERIMENT Hypothesis is a critical part of experiment design Translation I have an idea and want to see if it is valid Consequence: My experiment is designed so it can achieve this No experiment should be undertaken without a clear preconception of the form its results might take Advice to a Young Scientist [sir Peter Medawar The experiment is being carried out to assess the hypothesis, not to rove it Examine engineering evidence critically One school of thought is that the most critical scrutiny should be when experiment and hy pothesis agree The strength of your conviction about an idea has no bearing at all on whether it is true or not-and vice versa"Medawar]

3 CONNECTION BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS AND EXPERIMENT • Hypothesis is a critical part of experiment design Translation: I have an idea and I want to see if it is valid Consequence: My experiment is designed so it can achieve this • “No experiment should be undertaken without a clear preconception of the form its results might take” Advice to a Young Scientist [Sir Peter Medawar] •The experiment is being carried out to assess the hypothesis, not to prove it – Examine engineering evidence critically – One school of thought is that the most critical scrutiny should be when experiment and hypothesis agree • “The strength of your conviction about an idea has no bearing at all on whether it is true or not - and vice versa” [Medawar]

AN ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE For your project, with your partner, write down(or commit to memory) a short description of your project and what you think the Hypothesis is(Hypotheses are) I will ask groups to report on what they wrote You will get more chances to hone the H (and Os) An experimental observation is that a good HOS is a requisite( even a blueprint) for success in this subject

4 AN ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE For your project, with your partner, write down (or commit to memory) a short description of “your project” and what you think the Hypothesis is (Hypotheses are) I will ask groups to report on what they wrote You will get more chances to hone the H (and OS) An experimental observation is that a good HOS is a requisite (even a blueprint) for success in this subject

OBJECTIVES Ob-jec-tive, n Something that one,s efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish; purpose; goal; target [from Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, 1996, Barnes and Noble, Publishers

5 OBJECTIVES Ob-jec-tive, n. Something that one's efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish; purpose; goal; target [from Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, 1996, Barnes and Noble, Publishers]

CONNECTION BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVE The hypothesis and the objective must be consistent The objective flows from the hypothesis statement The objective in 16.621 will be a high level statement about the nature and the goal of the experiment to be carried out

6 CONNECTION BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVE • The hypothesis and the objective must be consistent • The objective flows from the hypothesis statement • The objective in 16.621 will be a high level statement about the nature and the goal of the experiment to be carried out

AN ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE For your project, with your partner, write down(or commit to memory) a short description of your project and what you think the Hypothesis and objectives are I will ask groups to report on what they wrote You will get more chances to hone the HOS An experimental observation is that a good Hos is a requisite(even a blueprint for success in this subject

7 AN ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE For your project, with your partner, write down (or commit to memory) a short description of your project and what you think the Hypothesis and Objectives are I will ask groups to report on what they wrote You will get more chances to hone the HOS An experimental observation is that a good HOS is a requisite (even a blueprint) for success in this subject

SUCCESS CRITERIAO How do we measure success? suc-cess. n. Favorable or desired outcome: The attainment of wealth favor, or eminence Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary There are at least two measures of success we should consider Discuss first the successful journey through 1662X What do we use as success criteria for 1662X?

8 SUCCESS CRITERIA(I) • How do we measure success? suc-cess, n. Favorable or desired outcome; The attainment of wealth, favor, or eminence [Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary] • There are at least two measures of success we should consider • Discuss first the successful journey through 16.62X • What do we use as success criteria for 16.62X?

SUCCESS CRITERIA() The success criteria in 16 62X is clear assessment of your hypothesis Success is NoT whether the hypothesis is true You are not trying to“ prove” a theory This needs to be reflected in your write-up

9 SUCCESS CRITERIA(II) • The success criteria in 16.62X is clear assessment of your hypothesis • Success is NOT whether the hypothesis is true –You are not trying to “prove” a theory • This needs to be reflected in your write-up

AN EXAMPLE MICRO-SIZED ORNITHOPER WING DESIGN [E. Craparo/B Ingram] Hypothesis-a flapping wing can have substantial advantages over conventional(propeller) propulsion systems for micro UAVS (Uninhabited Air Vehicles Objective -Create a micro-sized ornithoper wing and compare its performance to a propeller system Success goal -Demonstration that the performance(thrust and propulsive efficiency) were [or were not X and Y per cent better than for propeller driven micro-UAVS

10 • Hypothesis - A flapping wing can have substantial advantages over conventional (propeller) propulsion systems for micro UAVs (Uninhabited Air Vehicles) • Objective - Create a micro-sized ornithoper wing and compare its performance to a propeller system • Success goal - Demonstration that the performance (thrust and propulsive efficiency) were [or were not] X and Y per cent better than for propeller driven micro-UAVs AN EXAMPLE:MICRO-SIZED ORNITHOPER WING DESIGN [E. Craparo/B. Ingram]