《普通昆虫学》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）第三章 昆虫的胚后发育 Postembryonic development

第三章昆虫的胚后发育 Postembryonic development 孵化 生长与脱皮 变态

l孵化 l生长与脱皮 l变态

第一节孵化 Hatching, Eclosion ●幼虫从卵中破壳而出的过程 o To escape from the eggs, a larva must break the various membranes which surround it These include the chorion. vitelline membrane 破壳方式 化学物质 破卵器 eggburster 上颚 mandible

Hatching Eclosion l 幼虫从卵中破壳而出的过程。 l To escape from the eggs, a larva must break the various membranes which surround it. These include the chorion, vitelline membrane. l 破壳方式 – 化学物质 – 破卵器eggburster – 上颚mandible

第二节生长与脱皮 Growth and moulting (ecdysis o Insect growth is discontinuous because the rigid cuticle limits expansion o Size increase is by moulting (ecdysis) The formation of new cuticle of greater surface area and shelding of the old cuticle.(由激素控 制——蜕皮激素 Ecdysone)。 蜕 Exuvia 不同种脱皮次数不同,同种脱 皮次数一般相同。一般脱皮 20次

l Insect growth is discontinuous, because the rigid cuticle limits expansion. l Size increase is by moulting (ecdysis). – The formation of new cuticle of greater surface area and shelding of the old cuticle. (由激素控 制——蜕皮激素Ecdysone)。 – 蜕Exuvia – 不同种脱皮次数不同，同种脱 皮次数一般相同。一般脱皮 2—20次

龄期 Stadium( stadia): The period between moults相邻两次 脱皮之间的时间。 ●虫龄 Sinstar: The growth stage, or the form between two successive moults相邻两次脱皮之间的阶段 first instar larva一龄幼虫、 second instar larva二龄幼虫 last instar larva末龄幼虫( full-grown larva老熟幼虫) Figure 1 Timeline of Morphogenesis Eclosion First Second Third (Egg Hatch) Molt Molt Embryogenesis 1st Instar 2nd Instar 3rd Instar.etc

l 龄期stadium (stadia): The period between moults相邻两次 脱皮之间的时间。 l 虫龄instar： The growth stage, or the form between two successive moults.相邻两次脱皮之间的阶段。 – first instar larva一龄幼虫、second instar larva二龄幼虫•••••• – last instar larva末龄幼虫（ full-grown larva老熟幼虫）

Insect development involve two components of growth Moult increment蜕皮期生长 o It is the increment in size occurring between one star and the next Intermoult period incrementi龄期生长 . It is the increment in a stadium or instar duration

l Insect development involve two components of growth. – Moult increment蜕皮期生长 l It is the increment in size occurring between one star and the next. – Intermoult period increment龄期生长 l It is the increment in a stadium or instar duration

第三节变态 Metamorphosis o Metamorphosis: The relatively abrupt change in body form between the end of immature development and the onset of the imaginal(adult) phase 胚后发育过程中,昆虫从幼期状态转变为成虫状态 现象。 5 patterns of development

Metamorphosis l Metamorphosis: The relatively abrupt change in body form between the end of immature development and the onset of the imaginal (adult) phase. l 胚后发育过程中，昆虫从幼期状态转变为成虫状态的 现象。 – 5 patterns of development

增节变态 Anamorphosis A metamorphosis in which the immature stages have fewer abdominal segments than the adult原尾目腹 部体节数由9变为12节 是系统演化中多足纲遗 留下来的特征

l 一、增节变态 Anamorphosis – A metamorphosis in which the immature stages have fewer abdominal segments than the adult.原尾目腹 部体节数由9变为12节 – 是系统演化中多足纲遗 留下来的特征

二、表变态 Epimorphosis In Collembola, Diplura Archeognatha and Thysanura which as adults remain wingless the degree of change from juvenile to adult is slight and is manifest primarily in increased body size and development of functional genitalia ●弹尾目、双尾目、石炳目、缨尾 幼虫基本具备了成虫的特点 ●除了个体增大、触角及尾须节数 增多、性器官继续成熟以外,性 成熟后仍继续脱皮

l 二、表变态Epimorphosis – In Collembola, Diplura, Archeognatha and Thysanura, which as adults remain wingless, the degree of change from juvenile to adult is slight and is manifest primarily in increased body size and development of functional genitalia. l 弹尾目、双尾目、石炳目、缨尾 目 l 幼虫基本具备了成虫的特点 l 除了个体增大、触角及尾须节数 增多、性器官继续成熟以外，性 成熟后仍继续脱皮

三、原变态 Prometamorphosis Nymphs of may flies have 12-45 aquatic instar and wings are visible in older nymphs. Between the nymph stage and adult stage there is a subimago.蜉蝣幼虫到成虫期之间有一个很 短的“亚成虫期”。 The subimago is fully winged, flying or crawling

l 三、原变态Prometamorphosis – Nymphs of mayflies have 12-45 aquatic instars, and wings are visible in older nymphs. Between the nymph stage and adult stage there is a subimago . 蜉蝣幼虫到成虫期之间有一个很 短的“亚成虫期” 。 – The subimago is fully winged, flying or crawling

●四、不全变态 Incomplete Metamorphosis 生只经历三个虫期: egg-juvenile-adult stage ●幼虫均为寡足型,具明 显的翅芽;成虫期不再 脱皮 ●半变态类 Hemimetaboly、 渐变态类 paurometabola 或外翅部 Exopterygota

l 四、不全变态 Incomplete Metamorphosis l 一生只经历三个虫期： egg-juvenile-adult stage l 幼虫均为寡足型，具明 显的翅芽；成虫期不再 脱皮 l 半变态类Hemimetabola、 渐变态类paurometabola 或外翅部Exopterygota