经济类课件汇集_Chapter 5 POLICY CHOICES

Chapter 5 POLICY CHOICES

Chapter 5 POLICY CHOICES

5.1 GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT Policy the deliberate use of a government s economic and legal power to try to achieve specified or understood outcomes E.G. laws, institutions, day-to-day management of government services 冷 Microeconomic policy targets particular industries or products or markets e.g. government provides a subsidy to a particular industry in trouble 冷 Macroeconomic policy thing that apply across all states and industries e.g. income and business tax rates the overall rate of unemployment in the economy, growth in GDP

5.1 GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ❖ Policy ▪ the deliberate use of a government’s economic and legal power to try to achieve specified or understood outcomes. ▪ E.G. laws, institutions, day-to-day management of government services ❖ Microeconomic policy ▪ targets particular industries or products or markets. ▪ e.g. government provides a subsidy to a particular industry in trouble ❖ Macroeconomic policy ▪ thing that apply across all states and industries. ▪ e.g. income and business tax rates, the overall rate of unemployment in the economy, growth in GDP

5.2 OBJECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT POLICY 1. Economic growth and efficiency 2. Stability of prices 3. High employment and low unemployment 4. Healthy trade and exchange rate levels 5. Protecting the environment 6. Fairness and helping the disadvantaged

5.2 OBJECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT POLICY 1. Economic growth and efficiency 2. Stability of prices 3. High employment and low unemployment 4. Healthy trade and exchange rate levels 5. Protecting the environment 6. Fairness and helping the disadvantaged

5.2.1 Economic growth o genuine growth o real gDP

5.2.1 Economic growth ❖ genuine growth ❖ real GDP

5.2.2 Price stability and inflation Stable Price and Stable Financial System Rate of inflation Consumer Price Index(CPD) .o a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer CPI in year 2-CPI in year 1 . Inflation rate in year 2 ×100 CPI in year 1 GDP deflator o a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nomina GDP to real GDP times of 100 .o GDP deflator= [Nominal GDP/ Real GDP X 100

5.2.2 Price stability and inflation ❖ Stable Price and Stable Financial System ❖ Rate of inflation ▪ Consumer Price Index (CPI) ❖ a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. ❖ Inflation rate in year 2 = ×100 ▪ GDP deflator ❖ a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times of 100. ❖ GDP deflator = [Nominal GDP/ Real GDP] ×100 CPI in year 2 – CPI in year 1 CPI in year 1

5.2.3 Employment . o Outcomes of Unemployment a loss of human capital for lost of skills social costs resulting from depression and poor health or anti-social behavior and crime o Reasons of Unemployment individuals consciously choose not to work increasingly rapid structural change in many industries

5.2.3 Employment ❖ Outcomes of Unemployment ▪ a loss of human capital for lost of skills ▪ social costs resulting from depression and poor health or anti-social behavior and crime ❖ Reasons of Unemployment ▪ individuals consciously choose not to work ▪ increasingly rapid structural change in many industries

5.2. 4 Trade and trade indicators i Trade Balance Current Account Capital Account Balance of Payment Exchange Rate reflects what others think the value of a currency should be TWI(trade-weighted index): value of the exchange rate of the domestic dollar with all major trading partner currencies

5.2.4 Trade and trade indicators ❖ Trade Balance ▪ Current Account ▪ Capital Account ▪ Balance of Payment ❖ Exchange Rate ▪ reflects what others think the value of a currency should be ▪ TWI (trade-weighted index): value of the exchange rate of the domestic dollar with all major trading partner currencies

5.2.5 Care for the environment? Green Account national accounts which include an allowance for changing value of the environment

5.2.5 Care for the environment ❖ Green Account ▪ national accounts which include an allowance for changing value of the environment

5.2.6 Fairness and equity f 令 Fairness caring for the disadvantaged and providing reasonable equitable soclal outcomes

5.2.6 Fairness and equity ❖ Fairness ▪ caring for the disadvantaged and providing reasonable equitable social outcomes

53 CONSTRAINTS ON GO∨ER小 5.3.1 POLICY TRADEOFFS 5.3.2 MANAGEMENT THE ECONOMY IN THE SHORT TERM 5.3. 3 THE BUSINESS CYCLE

5.3 CONSTRAINTS ON GOVERN ❖ 5.3.1 POLICY TRADEOFFS ❖ 5.3.2 MANAGEMENT THE ECONOMY IN THE SHORT TERM ❖ 5.3.3 THE BUSINESS CYCLE