厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（课件讲稿，双语版）Chapter 2 Representative Carbon Compounds（2.5-2.12）

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2.5 Functional Groups 官能团 Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.5 Functional Groups 官能团

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 Functional groups o The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity are called functional groups o a functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior o The Chemistry of every organic molecules regardless of size and complexity, is determined by the functional groups it contains Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 Functional groups The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity are called functional groups. A functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior. The Chemistry of every organic molecules, regardless of size and complexity, is determined by the functional groups it contains

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2. 5A Alkyl Group and the symbol r ° Alkyl groups(烷基) are the groups that we identify for purposes of naming compounds o They are groups that would be obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane oR is used as a general symbol to represent any alkyl group CH CH Me Methyl Ch2CH CH3 CH2- or C2H5 Et Ethyl CH3CH2 CH3 CH3CH, CH2 Propyl CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CHCH3 or ( CH3)2CH pr Isopropyl Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.5A Alkyl Group and the Symbol R Alkyl groups (烷基) are the groups that we identify for purposes of naming compounds. They are groups that would be obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane R is used as a general symbol to represent any alkyl group. CH4 CH3 Me Methyl CH3CH3 CH3CH2 Et CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3 Pr i-Pr C2H5 (CH3)2CH or or Ethyl Propyl Isopropyl

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2. 5B Phenyl and Benzyl Groups o Phenyl group (苯基) CeH Ph Ar(if ring substitutents are present Benzyl group(苄基) -CH, CH,- C6Hs CH2 Bn Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.5B Phenyl and Benzyl Groups Phenyl group (苯基) C6H5 Ph φ Ar (if ring substitutents are present) Benzyl group (苄基) CH2 CH2 C6H5CH2 Bn

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2.6 Alkyl Halides or Haloalkanes 烷基卤或卤代烷 Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.6 Alkyl Halides or Haloalkanes 烷基卤或卤代烷

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 Alkyl halides(haloalkanes ) are compounds in which a halogen atom(F, cl, Br, or i)replaces a hydrogen atom of an alkane CH3CH3 Y CH3 CH2Cl CH3CH2CH3 Y CH3CHCH3 Ethane Ethyl chloride Br A n alkane An alkyl halide o Alkyl halides are classified as being primary(1H 一级)(19), secondary(仲,二级)(29),。or tertiary(叔,三级)(3°)— based on the carbon atom to which the halogen is directly attached Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 Alkyl halides (haloalkanes) are compounds in which a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, or I) replaces a hydrogen atom of an alkane. CH3CH3 CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3 Ethane Br An alkane Ethyl chloride An alkyl halide Alkyl halides are classified as being primary (伯， 一级) (1°), secondary(仲，二级) (2°), or tertiary(叔，三级) (3°) — based on the carbon atom to which the halogen is directly attached

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 Primary carbon atom Secondary carbon atom Tertiary carbon atom H CH CH3 CH3-c-CI CH3-C-CI CH3-C--CI H H CH3 Primary alkyl halide secondary alkyl halide tertiary alkyl halide Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 CH3 C H H Cl CH3 C CH3 H Cl CH3 C CH3 CH3 Cl Primary carbon atom Primary carbon atom Secondary carbon atom Secondary carbon atom Tertiary carbon atom Tertiary carbon atom Primary alkyl halide Secondary alkyl halide Tertiary alkyl halide

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2.7 Alcohols 醇类 Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.7 Alcohols 醇类

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 The characteristic functional group of alcohols is the hydroxyl group(oh)attached to an sp hybridized carbon atom C-OH< Hydroxyl group(羟基) g Alcohols are classified into three groups Primary(1°) alcohols(伯醇或一级醇) Secondary(2°) alcohols(仲醇或二级醇) o Tertiary(3°) alcohols(叔醇或三级醇) Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 The characteristic functional group of alcohols is the hydroxyl group (–OH) attached to an sp3- hybridized carbon atom. C OH Hydroxyl group (羟基) Alcohols are classified into three groups: Primary (1°) alcohols (伯醇或一级醇) Secondary (2°) alcohols (仲醇或二级醇) Tertiary (3°) alcohols (叔醇或三级醇)

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 Primary carbon atom Secondary carbon atom Tertiary carbon atom H CH CH CH2-C--oh CH3-C-OH CH2-C--oh H CH3 Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol Tertiary alcohol Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 Primary carbon atom Primary carbon atom Secondary carbon atom Secondary carbon atom CH3 C H H OH CH3 C CH3 H OH CH3 C CH3 CH3 OH Tertiary carbon atom Tertiary carbon atom Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol Tertiary alcohol