厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（课件讲稿，双语版）Chapter 2 Representative Carbon Compounds（2.1-2.4）

Chapter 2 Representative Carbon Compounds Functional Groups, IntermofeculexFodce, and Infrared (R), spectroscopy

Chapter 2 Representative Carbon Compounds: Functional Groups, Intermolecular Force, and Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2.1 Carbon-Carbon Covalent Bonds Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.1 Carbon-Carbon Covalent Bonds

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 g Carbon 's ability to form strong covalent bonds to other carbon atoms is the single property of the carbon atom that- more than any other -accounts for the existence of a field of study called organic chemistr o Carbon's ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen atoms as well provides the necessary versati Utility of structure that makes possible the vast number of different molecules required for complex living organisms o Functional groups: The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity. A functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 Carbon’s ability to form strong covalent bonds to other carbon atoms is the single property of the carbon atom that — more than any other—accounts for the existence of a field of study called organic chemistry. Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms, and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen atoms as well, provides the necessary versatility of structure that makes possible the vast number of different molecules required for complex living organisms. Functional groups: The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity. A functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2.2 Hydrocarbons: Representative Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.2 Hydrocarbons: Representative Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 o Hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms o Alkanes: molecules do not have multiple bonds between carbon atoms g Alkenes: molecules have a carbon-carbon double bond o Alkynes: molecules with a carbon-carbon triple bond o aromatic hydrocarbons: molecules contain a special ring Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 Hydrocarbons, are compounds whose molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Alkanes: molecules do not have multiple bonds between carbon atoms. Alkenes: molecules have a carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes: molecules with a carbon-carbon triple bond Aromatic hydrocarbons: molecules contain a special ring

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 Methane Ethene Ethyne (an alkane (an alkene) an alkyne Benzene (a representative aromatic hydrocarbon) Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 Methane (an alkane) Ethene (an alkene) Ethyne (an alkyne) Benzene (a representative aromatic hydrocarbon)

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2, 3 Polar Covalent bonds H-CI a dipole Dipole moment(偶极矩) H-CI Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.3 Polar Covalent bonds H Cl δ− δ+ A dipole Dipole moment (偶极矩) H Cl

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 2.4 Polar and Nonpolar Molecules Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 2.4 Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Chapter 2 Cl H H CH CH 3 CH 3 C-C C-C CH trans-2-butene ciS-2-butene (D) 0 0.25 mp(C)-106 139 bp c) Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University Chapter 2 C C CH3 CH3 H H C C CH3 H H CH3 trans-2-butene cis-2-butene mp(°C) −106 −139 bp(°C) 1 4 µ (D) 0 0.25