浙江大学：《高级微观经济学》课程PPT教学课件（英文版）Lecture 12 Exchange General Equilibrium theory

Lecture 12: Exchange General Equilibrium theory

Lecture 12: Exchange General Equilibrium theory I

Content Pure exchange system The existence of Walrasian equilibrium The first theorem of welfare economics The second theorem of welfare economics EXchange with production

Content • Pure exchange system • The existence of Walrasian equilibrium • The first theorem of welfare economics • The second theorem of welfare economics • Exchange with production

Pure exchange system An allocation A=(x,.x) is feasible if ∑x≤m, for any I=1…L @, is the endowments of commodity l Edgeworth box:2×2

Pure exchange system • An allocation A= (x1 ,…xI ) is feasible if • is the endowments of commodity l • Edgeworth box: 2×2 1 , for any 1, I li l i x l L  =   = l

Pure exchange system Walrasian equilibrium An allocation(x1,…x) and price p'∈界are a Walrasian equilibrium, if Utility maximization x∈maxl1(x) X St.px1≤pO Feasible∑x≤o see the fia

Pure exchange system • Walrasian equilibrium: – An allocation and price are a Walrasian equilibrium, if: • Utility maximization • Feasible see the fig. 1 ( , )I x x    L p  max ( ) . . i i i i x X i i x u x s t x       p p  1 I li l i x   =  

The existence of walrasian equilibrium Given an endowment W, is there any walrasian equilibria? Assumption 1: The demand function is HdO of price The aggregated extra-demands (p)=∑[x(p,m)=v Assumption2: Walras law. pz(P)=0

The existence of Walrasian equilibrium • Given an endowment w, is there any walrasian equilibria? • Assumption1:The demand function is HD0 of price. The aggregated extra-demands • Assumption2: Walras’ law: 1 ( ) [ ( , ) ] I i i i i z p x p pw w = = −  pz p( ) 0 =

The existence of walrasian equilibrium Assumption3: market clearing Desirability: z(p)>0 for p=0 lemma: free goods: if p"" is a walrasian equilibrium price, andz (p)<0, then p=0 lemma: Equivalent of demand and supply: all the commodities are desirable and p is a walrasian equilibrium price, then, (p)=0

The existence of Walrasian equilibrium • Assumption3: market clearing • Desirability: • lemma1: free goods: if p * is a walrasian equilibrium price, and ,then • lemma2: Equivalent of demand and supply: all the commodities are desirable and p * is a walrasian equilibrium price, then ( ) 0 for 0 i z p p  = ( ) 0 j z p   0 j p  = ( ) 0 j z p  =

The existence of walrasian equilibrium Brouwer's fixed-point theorem: continuous function f: s">s",(s is a unit simplex) and there exist anx. that x=f(x) Scarf. 1973 when n=1; let g(x)=f(x)-x g(0)=f(0)-0≥0g(1)=f(1)-1≤0 彐x,g(x)=0=f(x)-x

The existence of Walrasian equilibrium • Brouwer’s fixed-point theorem: continuous function , ( is a unit simplex) and there exist an x, that: • Scarf,1973. • when n=1;let g(x)=f(x)-x, : n n f s s → x x = f ( ) g f g f (0) (0) 0 0; (1) (1) 1 0 = −  = −   = = − x g x f x x , ( ) 0 ( ) n s

The existence of walrasian equilibrium Ifzsk->k is a continuous function witch satisfied Walras'law, pz(p)=0, then there exist some p in sk-I such that =(p)S g, (p) P1+max(0,2=(p) max(0,二,(p)

The existence of Walrasian equilibrium • If is a continuous function witch satisfied Walras’ law, , then there exist some in such that . – Construct a unit simplex: – Defined 1 : k k z s − →  p p z( ) 0 =  p k 1 s − z( ) 0  p  1 i i K j j p p p = =  1 1 { in : 1 k k k i i s p − = =  = p  1 1 : k k g s s − − → 1 max(0, ( )) ( ) 1 max(0, ( ) i i i K j j p z g z = + = + p p p

The existence of walrasian equilibrium By brouwer's fixed-point theorem, there is a p, such that p=g(p) p=g(p) p1+max(0,2(p) 1+∑max(0,=,(p) So p'max(O, =(p)1=max(0,=(p) for i=1.k

The existence of Walrasian equilibrium – By brouwer’s fixed-point theorem, there is a p * , such that – So g( )   p p = 1 max(0, ( )) ( ) 1 max(0, ( ) i i i i K j j p z p g p z      = + = = + p p 1 [ max(0, ( )] max(0, ( )) for 1 K i j i j p z z i k    =  p p = =

The existence of walrasian equilibrium And -ir/ max(0, (p)]=z(p)max(0,Ei(p) Sum up with i ∑max02(p∑n=(p)=∑=(p)max(0.=(p) ∑=(p)max(,:p)=0for∑ P2=(p)=0 So, we have:z,(P)≤0 ° EXample:C- D economy

The existence of Walrasian equilibrium – And – Sum up with i – So, we have: • Example: C-D economy 1 ( ) [ max(0, ( )] ( )max(0, ( )) K i i j i i j z p z z z      = p p p p  = 1 1 1 [ max(0, ( )] ( ) ( ) max(0, ( )) k k K j i i i i j i i z p z z z      = = =    p p p p = 1 1 ( ) max(0, ( )) =0 for ( ) 0 k k i i i i i i z z p z     = =   p p p = ( ) 0 i z  p 