《英语科学写作》课程教学资源：Lecture 8 Writing the Results & Discussion

Lecture8 Writing the“ Results& Discussion” 1. Centrality of research Results The results of research are the real objective of investigation and experimentation. The new findings are reported in the "Results section of the paper In reporting the results the main objective is accuracy and clarity, because the results are the primary and permanent source of scientific knowledge. The centrality of results and the importance of accurately reporting them often lead to Results being reported separately from Methods or discussion included under the heading: "Results Discussion"aII In practice, however, Results Discussion are normally 2. Results The objective in reporting results are (a)to include all the findings and (b ) to present them in a systematic order The results section must ultimately address the questions raised in the Introduction and any hypotheses there. The writer can use tables, figures to present the data if necessary. As mentioned earlier, the most important results are those that answer the research or questions Results that confirm or disprove hypotheses should be explicitly presented, as well as the results from which the conclusions are ferred

1 Lecture 8 Writing the “Results & Discussion” 1. Centrality of Research Results The results of research are the real objective of investigation and experimentation. The new findings are reported in the “Results” section of the paper.In reporting the results, the main objective is accuracy and clarity, because the results are the primary and permanent source of scientific knowledge. The centrality of Results and the importance of accurately reporting them often lead to Results being reported separately from Methods or Discussion In practice, however, Results & Discussion are normally included under the heading : “Results & Discussion” 2. Results The objective in reporting results are: (a)to include all the findings and (b)to present them in a systematic order. The results section must ultimately address the questions raised in the Introduction and any hypotheses there. The writer can use tables, figures to present the data if necessary. As mentioned earlier, the most important results are those that answer the research or questions. Results that confirm or disprove hypotheses should be explicitly presented, as well as the results from which the conclusions are inferred

When the results are negative that is when they are not the results expected or predicted by the hypotheses, the writer must state them clearly. Results obtained that are not related to the research question or questions are best omitted 3. Discussion The objective in the Discussion section is to give the research especially the results obtained, meaning. The task before the writer is to integrate the results the methods the past work, and any other related work of peers pecifically The objective of this section is to examine the results determine whether they resolve the research question or questions, examine and interprete them and draw conclusions or draw generations from them. and make recommendations for applying the results or for further research

2 When the results are negative, that is, when they are not the results expected or predicted by the hypotheses, the writer must state them clearly. Results obtained that are not related to the research question or questions are best omitted. 3. Discussion The objective in the Discussion section is to give the research, especially the results obtained, meaning. The task before the writer is to integrate the results, the methods, the past work, and any other related work of peers. Specifically: The objective of this section is to examine the results, determine whether they resolve the research question or questions, examine and interprete them and draw conclusions or draw generations from them, and make recommendations for applying the results or for further research

The interpretation of the results must be given the most attention In interpretation of the results the writer must integrate and synthesis across three frameworks (b that of past and related worf ed (a) that of the results he/she obtaine (c)that of research and theory in the discipline Therefore, this is the section where the writer can, drawin upon the data before him, propose new ideas and hy potheses It is here that the writer can best demonstrates his creativity in interpreting and resolving the research question or questions We now cite examples of results and discussions

3 The interpretation of the results must be given the most attention. In interpretation of the results, the writer must integrate and synthesis across three frameworks: (a) that of the results he/she obtained (b) that of past and related work (c) that of research and theory in the discipline Therefore, this is the section where the writer can, drawing upon the data before him, propose new ideas and hypotheses. It is here that the writer can best demonstrates his creativity in interpreting and resolving the research question or questions We now cite examples of Results and Discussions

Writing the Conclusion Both the discussion and the conclusion may be included under the heading Discussion. If that is the case, the conclusions should then form only a small part of all such discussion sections, as they are simply statements of inferences derived from the discussion If there is extensive discussion of them, the discussion section may be called Discussion and conclusion Conclusions are the end product of the discussion; they state the ultimate meaning of the research. They are inferences derived from the discussion and may be drawn from the research directly and indirectly from the further evidence provided from the literature Finally, conclusions are important as they provide closure for the readers So this section should summarize the following (a) the key results of your experiments or inventions State the advantages, superior features of your methods or inventions. You may want to point out the disadvantages, weaknesses(if any )as well Potential referees of your papers are likely to be experts in your field, and honesty is stating the weaknesses or drawbacks (if any) can sometimes work to your advantage ! Most authors tend to ignore the disadvantages of their methods or inventions!)

4 Writing the “Conclusion” Both the Discussion and the Conclusion may be included under the heading Discussion. If that is the case, the conclusions should then form only a small part of all such discussion sections, as they are simply statements of inferences derived from the discussion. If there is extensive discussion of them, the Discussion section may be called Discussion and Conclusion. Conclusions are the end product of the discussion; they state the ultimate meaning of the research. They are inferences derived from the discussion and may be drawn from the research directly and indirectly from the further evidence provided from the literature. Finally, conclusions are important as they provide closure for the readers. So this section should summarize the following: (a) the key results of your experiments or inventions. State the advantages, superior features of your methods or inventions. You may want to point out the disadvantages, weaknesses (if any) as well. Potential referees of your papers are likely to be experts in your field, and honesty is stating the weaknesses or drawbacks (if any) can sometimes work to your advantage ! ( Most authors tend to ignore the disadvantages of their methods or inventions!)

(b) the potential new areas that your methods or inventions help to open up and your proposals or on going work to exploit them (if relevant). Stating this can help you stake a claim on potential new areas of research We now cite examples of Conclusions from different disciplines

5 (b) the potential new areas that your methods or inventions help to open up and your proposals or on￾going work to exploit them (if relevant).Stating this can help you stake a claim on potential new areas of research. We now cite examples of Conclusions from different disciplines